美国文学复习标准答案.docx
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美国文学复习标准答案.docx
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美国文学复习标准答案
2.术语解释
1、Puritanism:
Puritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthepuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheprotestantchurchwhowantedtopurifytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrinesofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgracefromGod.Americanliteratureinthe17thcenturymostlyconsistedofPuritanliterature.PuritanismhadanenduringinfluenceonAmericanliterature.Ithadbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,somuchapartofnationalculturalatmosphere,ratherthanasetoftenets.
2、Alliteration:
Alliterationistherepeatedoccurrenceofthesameconsonantsoundatthebeginningofseveralwordsinthesamephrase.
3、Symbolism
4、School-roomPoets
5、AmericanRomanticism
6、AmericanRealism:
InAmericanliterature,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.
7、PsychologicalRealism:
Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacters’thoughtsandmotivations.HenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.HisnovelTheAmbassadorsisconsideredtobeamasterpieceofpsychologicalrealism.
8、AmericanNaturalism:
Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’sliterarynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Inpresentingtheextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisplayedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butunliketheirromanticpredecessors,thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.Althoughnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.
9、Regionalism:
Regionalismasatrendfirstmadeitspresencefeltinthelate1860sandearlyseventiesinAmerica.Itmaybedefinedasthecarefulattegogomsinspeech,dressorbehaviorpeculiartoageographicallocality.Theultimateaimofthelocalcoloristsistocreatetheillusionofanindigenouslittleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.ThesocialandintellectualclimateofthecountryprovidedastimulatingmilieuforthegrowthoflocalcolorfictioninAmerica.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.Theyformedanimportantpartoftherealisticmovement.Althoughitlostitsmomentumtowardtheendofthe19thcentury,thelocalspiritcontinuedtoinspireandfertilizetheimaginationofauthor.
10、TheGildedAge:
theGildedAgereferstotheeraofrapideconomicandpopulationgrowthintheUnitedStatesduringthepost-CivilWarandpost-Reconstructionerasofthelate19thcentury(1865-1901).Theterm"GildedAge"wascoinedbyMarkTwainandCharlesDudleyWarnerintheir1873book,TheGildedAge:
ATaleofToday.Thenamereferstotheprocessofgildingandismeanttoridiculeostentatiousdisplay.
11、LocalColorism:
LocalColorismorRegionalismasatrendfirstmadeitspresencefeltinthelate1860sandearlyseventiesinAmerica.Itmaybedefinedasthecarefulattegogomsinspeech,dressorbehaviorpeculiartoageographicallocality.Theultimateaimofthelocalcoloristsistocreatetheillusionofanindigenouslittleworldwithqualitiesthattellitapartfromtheworldoutside.ThesocialandintellectualclimateofthecountryprovidedastimulatingmilieuforthegrowthoflocalcolorfictioninAmerica.Localcoloristsconcernedthemselveswithpresentingandinterpretingthelocalcharacteroftheirregions.Theytendedtoidealizeandglorify,buttheyneverforgottokeepaneyeonthetruthfulcoloroflocallife.Theyformedanimportantpartoftherealisticmovement.Althoughitlostitsmomentumtowardtheendofthe19thcentury,thelocalspiritcontinuedtoinspireandfertilizetheimaginationofauthor.
12、LostGeneration:
Thistermhasbeenusedagainandagaintodescribethepeopleofthepostwaryears.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoremainedinParisasacolonyof“expatriates”orexiles.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinsemipoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.TheyoungEnglishandAmericanexpatriates,menandwomen,werecaughtinthewarandcutofffromtheoldvaluesandyetunabletocometotermswiththenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad.Theywanderedpointlesslyandrestlessly,enjoyingthingslikefishing,swimming,bullfightandbeautiesofnature,buttheywereawareallthewhilethattheworldiscrazyandmeaninglessandfutile.Theirwholelifeisundercutanddefeated.
82.Lyric:
Apoem,usuallyashortone,thatexpressesaspeaker’spersonalthoughtsorfeelings.Theelegy,ode,andsonnetareallformsofthelyric.
13、Imagism:
It’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.flourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.
14、Impressionism:
Impressionismwasaformofartisticexpressioninthe19thcentury.Itwasmostpervasiveinpainting,butitwasalsofoundinliteratureandart.Theterm“impressionism”firstappearedin1874inanewspaperreviewofanexhibitionheldinthestudiobyagroupofyoungpainters.ItwastakendirectlyfromthetitleofMonet‘sImpression:
Sunrise.
15、HemingwayHeroes
16、Steam-of-Consciousness:
“Stream-of-Consciousness”or“interiormonologue”,isoneofthemodernliterarytechniques.Itisthestyleofwritingthatattemptstoimitatethenaturalflowofacharacter’sthoughts,feelings,reflections,memories,andmentalimagesasthecharacterexperiencesthem.Itwasfirstusedin1922bytheIrishnovelistJamesJoyce.Thosenovelsbrokethroughtheboundsoftimeandspace,anddepictedvividlyandskillfullytheunconsciousactivityofthemindfastchangingandflowingincessantly,particularlythehesitant,misted,distractedandillusorypsychologypeoplehadwhentheyfacedreality.ThemodernAmericanwriterWilliamFaulknersuccessfullyadvancedthistechnique.Inhisstories,actionandplotswerelessimportantthanthereactionsandinnermusingsofthenarrators.Timesequenceswereoftendislocated.Thereaderfeelshimselftobeaparticipantinthestories,ratherthananobserver.Ahighdegreeofemotioncanbeachievedbythistechnique.
17、MultiplePointsofView:
ItisoneoftheliterarytechniquesWilliamFaulknerused,whichshowswithinthesamestoryhowthecharactersreacteddifferentlytothesamepersonorthesamesituation.Theuseofthistechniquegavethestoryacircularformwhereinoneeventwasthecenter,withvariouspointsofviewradiatingfromit.Themultiplepointsofviewtechniquemakesthereaderrecognizethedifficultyofarrivingatatruejudgment.
18、TheJazzAge:
TheJazzAgedescribestheperiodaftertheendofWorldWarI,throughtheRoaringTwenties,endingwiththeonsetoftheGreatDepression.TraditionalvaluesofthepreviousperioddeclinedwhiletheAmericanstockmarketsoared.
Theagetakesitsnamefrompopularmusic,whichsawatremendoussurgeinpopularity.Amongtheprominentconcernsandtrendsoftheperiodarethepublicembraceoftechnologicaldevelopmentstypicallyseenasprogress—cars,airtravelandthetelephone-aswellasnewmodernisttrendsinsocialbehavior,thearts,andculture.CentraldevelopmentsincludedArtDecodesignandarchitecture.ThephrasewascoinedbythewriterF.ScottFitzgerald,whogreatlycriticizedthisneweraof'relaxation'innovelssuchasTheGreatGatsby.
19、TheEraofModernism:
Theyearsfrom1910to1930areoftencalledtheEraofModernism,forthereseemstohavebeeninbothEuropeandAmericaastrongawarenessofsomesortof“break”withthepast.Thenewartistssharedadesiretocapturethecomplexityofmodernlife,tofocusonthevarietyandconfusionofthe20thcenturybyreshapingandsometimesdiscardingtheideasandhabitsofthe19thcentury.TheEraofModernismwasindeedtheeraoftheNew.
20、Confessionalpoetry:
Confessionalpoetryemphasizestheintimate,andsometimesunflattering,informationaboutdetailsofthepoet'spersonallife,suchasinpoemsaboutillness,sexuality,anddespondence.Theconfessionalistlabelwasappliedtoanumberofpoetsofthe1950sand1960s.JohnBerryman,AllenGinsberg,RobertLowell,SylviaPlath,TheodoreRoethke,AnneSexton,andWilliamDeWittSnodgrasshaveallbeencalled'ConfessionalPoets'.Asfreshanddifferentastheworkofthesepoetsappearedatthetime,itisalsotruethatseveralpoetsprominentinthecanonofWesternliterature,perhapsmostnotablySextusPropertiusandPetrarch,c
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