现代语言学 串讲笔记.docx
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现代语言学 串讲笔记.docx
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现代语言学串讲笔记
《现代语言学》串讲笔记
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一绪论
1Linguisitics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescienticstudyoflanguage
2Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticscommunicationiscalledphonetics.Forexample,vowelsandconsonants
3Phonology”:
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.Forexample,phone,phoneme,andallophone.
4Morphology:
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.Forexample,boyand“ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.
5Syntax:
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.Foresample,”Johnlikelinguistics.”
6Semantics:
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.Forexample,:
Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.”Thesealcouldnotbefound,Thekingbecameworried.”Herethewordsealmeansdifferentthings.
7Pragmatics:
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.Forexample,“Ido”Theworddomeansdifferentcontext.
8Sociolinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics.Forexample,regionaldialects,socialvariationinlanguage.
9Psycholinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetoworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.
二音系学
1Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.
2Phonology:
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.
3Phone:
Phonecanbesimplydefinedasthespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegement.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning;somedo,somedon’t.
4Phoneme:
Phonologyisconcernedwiththespeechsoundswhichdistinguishmeaning.Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.
5allophone:
Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
6Complementarydistribution:
Thesetwoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincompkenebtarydistribution.
7Minimalpair:
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegementwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
8Stress:
Whenacertainsyllableofawordisstressed,itmeansthatthesyllableisprouncedwithgreatforcethantheotherorothers.
9tones:
Tonesarepitchvariation,whicharecausedbythedifferentratesofvibrationofthevocalcords.Pitchvariationscandistinguishmeaningjustlikephoneme;therefore,thetoneisasuprasegementalfeature.
10intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Intonationplaysanimportantroleinconveyingmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish{$isbest}
三形态学
1morphology:
Morphologyisabranchofgrammerwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.
2inflectionalmorphology:
Inflectionalmorphologystudiestheinflectionsofword-formation.
3derivationalmorphology:
Derivationalmorphologyisthestudyofword-formation.
4morpheme:
Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.
5freemorpheme:
Freemorphemearethemorphemeswhichareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselcesorincombinationwithothermorphemes.
6boundmorpheme:
Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.
7root:
Arootisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffixtoformaword.
8affix:
Affixesareoftwotypes:
inflectionalandderivational.
9prefix:
Prefixoccuratthebeginningofaword.
10suffix:
Suffixesareaddedtotheendofthestems;theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.
11derivation:
Derivationaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreataword.Derivationcanbeviewedastheaddingofaffixestostemtoformneswords.
12compounding:
Likederivation,compoundingisanotherpopularandimportantwayofformingnewwordsinEnglish.Compoundingcanbeviewedasthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatnewwords.
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四句法学
1linguisticcompetence:
Comskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
2sentence:
Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatementquestionorcommand.
3transformationrules:
Syntacticmovementisgovernedbytransformationalrules.Theoperationofthetransformationalrulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.
4D-structure:
Asentencemayhavetwolevelsofsyntacticrepresentation.Oneexistsbeforemovementtakeplace,theotheroccursaftermovementtakeplace.Informallinguisticexploration,thesetwosyntacticrepresentationarecommonlytermedasD-structure.
5Moveа:
Justasthereisageneralruleforallphrasestructurerules,i,e.theX-barschema,thereisageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.ThismovementruleiscalledMoveа
{$isbest}《现代语言学》串讲笔记
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Grammaticalrelations(语法关系)thestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsbetweeneverynounphraseandsentence.
S-structure(表层结构):
Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationaftertheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.
X-bar:
ageneralandhighlyabstractschemathatcollapsesallphrasestructurerulesintoasingleformat:
x”—(spec)X(comp.)
Generalgrammar:
asystemoflinguisticknowledgewhichconsistsofsomegeneralprinciplesandparametersaboutnaturallanguage.
Moveα:
Ageneralmovementruleaccountingforthesyntacticbehaviorofanyconstituentmovement.
Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.
Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning:
1.Thenamingtheory.Oneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning,andalsoaveryprimitiveone,wasthenamingtheoryproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Thewordsusedinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.
2.Theconceptualistview(意念论):
washoldsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.,betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretation(解释)ofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.ThisviewissuggestedbyOgdenandRichards.
3.Contextualism(语境论):
contextualismisbasedonthepresumption(假定)thatonecanderive(推导)meaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservable(可观测的)contexts.Twokindsofcontextarerecognized,thesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext.
4.Behaviorism(行为主义论):
behaviorismreferstotheattempt(企图)todefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe“situationinwhichthespeakerutteritandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”(Bloomfied,1933).Thistheorysomewhatclosetocontextualismemphasizesonthepsychologicalresponse.
Senseandreference
Reference(所指意义):
Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.
Sense(意义):
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.
Majorsenserelations:
1.synonymy(同义):
referstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.
Synonymycanbedividedintothefollowinggroups:
①Dialectalsynonyms(地域性同义词)---synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects.Thesearewordswithmoreorlessthesamemeaningusedindifferentregionaldialects.Suchas:
AmericanEnglishandBritishEnglish.
②Stylisticsynonyms(文体同义词)---synonymsdifferinginstyle.Wordshavingthesamemeaningmaydifferinstyle,ordegreeofformality(礼节).Suchas:
oldman,daddy,father.
③synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning.
④collocationalsynonyms(搭配上的区别)
⑤semanticallydifferentsynonyms(语意上的差别)。
Surpriseandamaze
2.polysemy(多义):
referstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning;thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Forexample:
table1apieceoffurniture2allthepeopleseatedatatable3thefoodthatisputonatable….
3.homonymy(同音异意,同形异意):
homonymyreferstothephenomenon(现象)thatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform,i.e.differentwordsareidentical(相同的)insoundorspelling,orinboth.
Homophones(同音异意):
refertotwowordsareidenticalinsound,e.g.rain/reign
Homographs(同形异意):
refertotwowordareidenticalinspelling,e.g.tearn./tearv.
4.hyponymy(上下关系):
referstothesenserelatingbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.
Componentialanalysis(成分分析法):
isawayproposebythestructuralsemanticists(语义学者)toanalyzewordmeaning.Thisapproachisbaseduponthebeliefthatmeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.
Predicationanalysis(述谓分析法):
isanewapproachforsententialmeaninganalysis.Predicationisusuallyconsideredanimportantcommoncategorysharedbypropositions,questions,commandsect.Predicationistobreakdownthesentenceintotheirsmallerconstituents:
argument(logicalpart
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