模糊限制语的语用学分析 A Pragmatic Analysis of Hedges in English News.docx
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模糊限制语的语用学分析 A Pragmatic Analysis of Hedges in English News.docx
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模糊限制语的语用学分析APragmaticAnalysisofHedgesinEnglishNews
APragmaticAnalysisofHedgesinEnglishNews
AthesissubmittedfortheDegreeofBachelorofArts
SchoolofForeignLanguages
ShenzhenUniversity
Candidate:
GaoJunchang
Supervisor:
JiaLuyi
May,2012
Contents
Contentsi
Acknowledgementsii
Abstractiii
Chapter1Introduction1
1.1ResearchBackground1
1.2ObjectiveoftheStudy2
1.3OrganizationoftheThesis3
Chapter2TheoreticalFramework4
2.1CooperativePrinciple4
2.2PolitenessPrinciple5
Chapter3LiteratureReview7
3.1StudiesonHedges7
3.2DefinitionofHedges9
3.3CategorizationofHedges10
3.3.1SemanticCategorization10
3.3.2GrammaticalCategorization11
3.3.3PragmaticCategorization11
3.4CharacteristicsofNews13
Chapter4APragmaticAnalysisofHedgesinEnglishNews14
4.1DataCollection14
4.2PragmaticAnalysisonFunctionsofHedgesinEnglishNews16
4.2.1Toavoidabsoluteness16
4.2.2Tobeconciseandreader-friendly17
4.2.3Toenhancereliability18
4.2.4Torespectthesource20
4.2.5Tominimizenegativeeffects22
Chapter5Conclusion24
5.1Summary24
5.2LimitationsandImplications25
Bibliography26
Acknowledgements
Sincerely,I’dliketoextendmygratefulnessandappreciationtomydearsupervisor,Prof.JiaLuyi,forherpatientguidanceandencouragement.Fromthestartingoftopicselectiontilltheaccomplishmentofthewholethesis,shehasbeeninclosetouchwithme,assistingmewiththeconductionofresearch,ineveryprocedure.Withoutheradviceandcontinuoussupport,theessaywouldhavebeenhardtofinishandneitherwouldIhavelearnedsomuch.
Theexperienceofconductingthisresearchandwritingthisthesishastaughtmequitealot,notmerethelanguageknowledgeitself.Ifirmlybelievethatalltheinvolvementsinthisunforgettablestudywillturnintoapermanentmemoryinmylife,whichwilldefinitelyfacilitatemyfurtherstudyinthelongrun.
Abstract
Abstract:
Vaguenessisanessentiallanguagephenomenoninconversation.Asasignificantwaytogaininformation,newshasbeenplayingamoreandmoreindispensableroleinpeople’slife.TheuseofhedgesinEnglishnewsreportisunavoidableandhasdrawngreatattention.SinceitsoriginationbyanAmericansociolinguistLakoffin1972,hedgeshavebeenwidelystudiedhomeandabroad.However,mostoftheresearchesdonebeforearefromasemanticperspective.ThisthesisisherebytoconductastudyofhedgesespeciallyonitsfunctionsinEnglishnewfromapragmaticperspective,pointingoutthattheuseofhedgesnotonlywon’tviolatetheprinciplesofaccuracyandobjectivityofnewsreport,butwillbettermanifesttheprinciples.
Keywords:
vagueness,hedges,Englishnews,pragmatics,function
摘要:
语言模糊是会话中一种非常重要的语言现象。
作为一种获取信息的重要途径,新闻报道正在人们的生活中扮演着越来越不可或缺的角色。
随着新闻行业的发展,语言的模糊现象,模糊限制语的使用已呈现出不可避免的趋势,也引起了广泛的关注。
由美国社会语言学家Lakoff于1972年提出,模糊限制语已被国内外专家学者作了深入的研究,但大部分都是从语义学角度进行的,从语用学角度进行的研究甚少。
鉴于此,本论文从语用学的角度对模糊限制语,尤其是其在新闻英语中的作用的进行了探讨,指出模糊限制语的使用不仅不违背新闻准确客观的原则,而且能使新闻准确客观的原则得到更好地体现。
关键词:
语言模糊;模糊限制语;英语新闻;语用学;作用
Chapter1Introduction
1.1ResearchBackground
Fuzzinessorvaguenessisarathercommonlanguagephenomenonandalsoknownasatypicalfeatureofthenaturallanguage.Ithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatamongpeople’sconversations,absolutenessisnotadvocated.Inotherwords,peopleshouldleaveroomformistakeswhileinvolvedinaconversation.Thiscomestobringaboutwhatiscalledhedges,orvaguelanguages.Nospecificboundariescanbefoundbetweenconceptsandmeaningsthatdifferentwordsconvey.Forexample,thewords“good”and“bad”ascommonlyusedincommunicationhavenospecificextension.Whatkindofthingsorpeoplecanbegroupedintogoodorbad?
Andalsowhatkindofpeopleisthin?
Thereisnotacertaincriterion(YangHuiling,2001:
84).
Whenitcomestothetermofnews,accuracy,brevityandclarityarethewordsfirsttooccurinmind,whicharelabeledtheABCprinciplesofnewsreport.LvShuxiang,thewell-knownChineselinguistoncesaid“Theprimaryrequirementofnewslanguageisundoubtedlyaccuracy”(CitedfromPengJuhua,1998:
272).Sincethe1960s,anewsubjectwasborninthewesternnewswriting—precisionjournalismthatengagedindescribingfactsbymeansofmathematiclanguage.However,intherealnewspractice,therearenoclearandspecificboundariesbetweenthings,thankstotherestlesscontradictionmovementsandcrossoversinthenaturalthings.Inthiscase,itisimpossibletodescribethecomplicatednatureandsocietywithprecisemathematics.Inresponsetotheapplicationofpreciselanguage,theotherwritinglanguage—vaguelanguagewasborn.Earlyin1965,theAmericanprestigiousmathematicianL.A.Zadehputforwardthefuzzy-settheoryinhisarticleFuzzy-set—TheoreticInterpretationofLinguisticHedgesusingthedesignation“hedge”afterG.Lakoffwhofirstintroducedtheterm“hedge”inHedges:
AStudyinMeaningCriteriaandtheLogicofFuzzyConcepts(Lakoff,1972:
183-228).Tillthe1970s,thefuzzytheoryhadbeenwidelydevelopedandapplied,fromthenaturalsciencetosocio-scienceandtolinguistics.Duringthisprocess,manyemergingcrossingsubjectsweregenerated,includingfuzzymathematics,fuzzypsychology,fuzzylogic,fuzzyrhetoric,fuzzylinguistics(WuQizhi,2001:
22).
Inconventionalconcepts,theuseofvaguelanguagecomesinconflictwiththeprincipleofaccuracyandhedgeissupposedtobeexcludedfromjournalisticlanguages.Withtheevolutionoflanguage,especiallylanguagesinnewswriting,theoldconcepthasbeenprovedtobeoutofdate.Asamatteroffact,theapplicationofhedgenotonlywon’tweakentheaccuracyofnewsreport,buttosomeextendwillmakeitmoreobjectivewhenusedappropriately.Accuracyisnotequaltopreciseness.Essentially,vaguelanguagehasbeenacceptedasanindispensablewritingskillinjournalismwriting(ZhangJian,2007:
436).
1.2ObjectiveoftheStudy
Sincehedgehasgreateffectsonthenaturallanguage,theapplicationofhedgeisanessentiallanguagephenomenon,notonlyinoralcommunicationbutinwrittenlanguageincludingthejournalisticlanguage.Ashasbeendiscussedbefore,thenecessityandsignificanceofhedgeinjournalisticlanguagespeakforitself.ThoughintroducedearlybyLakoffin1972,thefurtherresearchonitwastoofarfromenough.FollowingZadeh’stheoryoffuzzy-set,thescholarsfromhomeandabroadmadealotofstudyontheemergingsubject.However,mostofthestudiesconductedarefromtheperspectiveofsemantics,philosophy,psychologyetc.Notuntil1980sdidscholarsbegintostudyhedgesfromtheperspectiveofsociolinguistics,pragmatics,discourseanalysis,etc.(ZengWenxiong,2005).Sofar,thestudyonhedgefromtheviewofpragmaticsistoofewtomeettheincreasingneedfromusingit,especiallyitsfunctionsinEnglishjournalism.ThisresearchattemptstomakearatherthoroughexplorationonthepragmaticuseofhedgesinEnglishnews,hopingtohelpreadersbetterunderstandtheEnglishnews.
1.3OrganizationoftheThesis
Therearefivechaptersinthisthesis:
ChapterOne,theintroduction,displaystheresearchbackgroundofhedgesandtheobjectiveofthestudy.
ChapterTwoprovidestheoreticalframeworkforthethesis,includingCooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrinciple,whichwillbacktheargumentinthethesis.
ChapterThreetriestoelaborateonhedgesfromdifferentaspects,aimingtoofferthebasicknowledgeofhedges.Inthischapter,thestudyofhedgeshomeandabroadwillbediscussedandfollowedbythedefinitionofhedges.Alsothecategorizationofhedgesandcharacteristicsofnewsareexploredinthischapter.
InChapterFour,apragmaticanalysisonfunctionsofhedgesinEnglishnewsismade.Asthemostimportantpartofthethesis,thischapterwillanalyzethehedgesappearedinthethesisandfunctionsofhedgesinEnglishnewsfromapragmaticperspective.
ChapterFiveistheconclusionofthethesis.Asummarywillpresentthefindingofthethesisandtheauthoralsoincludesthelimitationsofthestudy.What’smore,someimplicationsarealsosuggestedforfurtherstudy.
Chapter2TheoreticalFramework
InPragmatics,cooperativeandpolitenessprinciplesaretwoessentialprincipleswhichmakegreatdifferenceinasuccessfulconversation.InEnglishnews,thetwoprinciplestargetabetterunderstandingforreadersasmostoftheemploymentofhedgesisguidedbythem.
2.1CooperativePrinciple
Anunderlyingassumptioninmostconversationalexchangesseemstobethattheparticipantsare,infact,co-operatingwitheachother(Yule,2000:
145).ThecooperativeprinciplewasfirstsetoutbyGrice(1975)anditwasstatedinthefollowingway:
Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged(Grice,1975).
Supportingthisprinciplearethefourmaximsasfollows:
Quantity:
makeyourcontributionsasinformativeasisrequired,butnotmore,orless,thanisrequired.
Quality:
donotsaythatwhichyoubelievetobefalseorforwhichyoulackevidence.
Relation:
berelevant.
Manner:
beclear,briefandorderly.
InEnglishnews,inaccordancewiththemaximofQuality,thereportershouldnotsaywhathebelievestobefalseorwhathelacksadequateevidencefor.Asthereareunforeseensituationsandsomeobjectivereasons,sometimesthereporterwouldusehedgestoweakenhisresponsibilityfortheaccuracyoftheinformation.ThemaximofQuantityrequeststheinformationshouldbeasmuchasisrequired,andnotmoreorlessthanisrequired.Butduetothefeaturesofnew
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