21世纪研究生英语综合教程2答案最新完整版.docx
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21世纪研究生英语综合教程2答案最新完整版.docx
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21世纪研究生英语综合教程2答案最新完整版
Unit14
Ⅰ.Backgroundinformation4
Ⅱ.Languagepoints5
Ⅲ.Keytotheexercises8
Unit212
Ⅰ.Backgroundinformation12
Ⅱ.Languagepoints15
Ⅲ.Keytotheexercises18
Unit322
Ⅰ.Backgroundinformation22
Ⅱ.Languagepoints24
Ⅲ.Keytotheexercises26
unit430
Ⅰ.Backgroundinformation30
Ⅱ.Languagepoints37
Ⅲ.Keytotheexercises38
Unit542
Ⅰ.Backgroundinformation42
Ⅱ.Languagepoints45
Ⅲ.Keytotheexercises48
Unit651
Ⅰ.Backgroundinformation51
Ⅱ.Languagepoints57
Ⅲ.Referencematerials59
Ⅲ.Keytotheexercises61
Unit767
Ⅰ.Backgroundinformation67
Ⅱ.Languagepoints68
Ⅲ.Keytotheexercises70
Unit872
Ⅰ.Backgroundinformation72
Ⅱ.Languagepoints77
Ⅲ.Keytotheexercises78
Unit982
Ⅰ.Backgroundinformation82
Ⅱ.Languagepoints85
Ⅲ.Keytotheexercises86
Unit1089
Ⅰ.Languagepoints89
Ⅱ.Keytotheexercises91
Unit1195
Ⅰ.Backgroundinformation95
Ⅱ.Languagepoints97
Ⅲ.Keytotheexercises99
Unit12103
I.Backgroundinformation104
Ⅱ.Languagepoints104
Ⅲ.Keytotheexercises107
Unit1
TextAPuttinginaGoodWordforGuilt
Ⅰ.Backgroundinformation
1.EllenGoodmanAsyndicatedcolumnistwhosewritingappearsinoverfourhundrednewspapers,EllenGoodmanbeganherworkingcareerin1963.GoodmanbegannewspaperwritingattheDetroitFreePress,wheresheworkedasageneralreporterandnewsfeaturewriteronthecitydesk.
In1980,GoodmanwasawardedthePulitzerPrizeforDistinguishedCommentary.Goodman’sworkhaswonmanyotherawards,includingtheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsDistinguishedWritingAwardin1980.ShereceivedtheHubertH.HumphreyCivilRightsAwardfromtheLeadershipConferenceonCivilRightsin1988.In1993,atitsSeventhAnnualExceptionalMeritMediaAwardCeremony,theNationalWomen’sPoliticalCaucusgaveherthePresident’sAward.In1994,theWomen’sResearch&EducationInstitutepresentedherwiththeirAmericanWomanAward.
2.FreudFreudmayjustlybecalledthemostinfluentialintellectuallegislatorofhisage.Hiscreationofpsychoanalysiswasatonceatheoryofthehumanpsyche,atherapyforthereliefofitsills,andanopticfortheinterpretationofcultureandsociety.Despiterepeatedcriticisms,attemptedrefutations,andqualificationsofFreud’swork,itsspellremainedpowerfulwellafterhisdeathandinfieldsfarremovedfrompsychologyasitisnarrowlydefined.If,astheAmericansociologistPhilipRieffoncecontended,“psychologicalman”replacedsuchearliernotionsaspolitical,religious,oreconomicmanasthe20thcentury’sdominantselfimage,itisinnosmallmeasureduetothepowerofFreud’svisionandtheseeminginexhaustibilityoftheintellectuallegacyheleftbehind.
3.KarlMenninger(18931990)founderoftheMenningerFoundationforPsychiatricEducationandResearch.Asdirectorofeducationofthefoundation,besidestrainingothertheapists,hewrotemanyworks,amongwhichareTheHumanMind(1930),ManAgainstHimself(1938),andWhateverBecameOfSin?
(1973)
4.ReverendTillotsonJohnTillotson(16301694),chaplaintoCharlesⅡandaprominantpreacherofhisage.HesupportedtheRevolutionof1688andwasapointedArchbishopofCanterburyin1691.
5.DavidRiesmanAmericansociologistandauthormostnotedforTheLonelyCrowd:
AStudyoftheChangingAmericanCharacter(withReuelDenneyandNathanGlazer,1950),aworkdealingprimarilywiththesocialcharacteroftheurbanmiddleclass.“Thelonelycrowd”becameacatchphrasedenotingmodernurbansocietyinwhichtheindividualfeelsalienated.Alsoenteringcommonspeechwerethelabelsheappliedtotwoofthethreecharactertypesthatheidentifiedinthebook:
“innerdirected”and“otherdirected.”
AccordingtoRiesman’stheory,inpreindustrialsocietieshavingahighpotentialforpopulationgrowth(e.g.,medievalEurope),thetypicalindividualis“traditiondirected,”hispersonalvaluesbeingdeterminedbythetraditionsofahighlystructuredsocietyorbypowerrelationswithinitsmajordivisions,suchasclasses,professions,castes,orclans.Thesevaluesarecharacteristicallypassedintactfromonegenerationtoanother.Whenthepopulationisgrowingbuthasnotreachedthestageofcrowding(e.g.,westernEuropefromtheRenaissancetotheearly20thcentury),the“innerdirected”individualpredominates.Hispersonalvaluesaredeterminedearlybyhisimmediatefamily,arenotnecessarilyrelatedtoanywidersocialforces,andarealsolikelytoremainunchanged.Inheavilyindustrializedsocieties,wherethepopulationisdenseandperhapsbeginningtodecline,the“otherdirected”individualemerges.Hislifeisinlargepartshapedby“peergroups”ofpersonswhomheresemblesinage,socialclass,orotherwise,andheadjustshisvaluestoconformtothoseofhisgroupinaconstantprocessofchange.
Ⅱ.Languagepoints
1.Feelingguiltyisnothingtofeelguiltyabout.(para.1)Youdon’thavetobeconsciouslyuncomfortableifyouhavethesenseofguilt.
2.Yes,guiltcanbetheexcessbaggagethatkeepsusparalyzedunlesswedumpit.(para.1)Sure,guiltcanbetheoverloadedburdenthattorturesusifwedon’tgetridofit.
paralyzev.tomakeunabletomoveoract
e.g.Thechildwasparalyzedbyfearwhenthethundercame.
打雷的时候,这孩子被吓得不能动弹。
3.IgiveupguiltforLent.(para.2)Igiveupguiltinordertobeabetterperson.
giveupsth.forLenttogetridofsth.(usuallyabadhabit)forthesakeofbettermorality
4.ButthenitoccurredtomethatthisparticularLenthasbeentoolengthy.(para.3)Butthenitcametomymindthatpeoplehavegivenupguiltfortoolongatime.
occurtocometo(mind)闪现
thisparticularLentHereitreferstothepracticeofgivingupguiltasmentionedabove.
5.Forthepastdecadeormore,thepoppsychologistswhousebookjacketsratherthancouchesallwerebusytellingusthatIamokay,youareokayandwhateverwedoisokay.(para.3)Duringthepasttenyearsormore,thosewelcomepsychologistssolvepeople’smentalproblemsbywritingbooksinsteadofclinicaltreatment.Andtheyaretryingtoadvocatetheconceptthatnobodyshouldfeelguiltyforanything.在过去这十年或更久的一段时间里,通过出书而非实际诊查给人治疗的心理医生很受欢迎,他们忙不迭地告诉大家,说什么我好,你好,大家做什么都没关系。
bookjackets皮书套Hereitreferstothemethodofwritingbooksinpsychologicaltherapy.
couchAsofaonwhichapatientlieswhileundergoingpsychoanalysisorpsychiatrictreatment.Hereitrepresentsthetreatingmethodthatthepsychologiststalktothepatientsinaveryrelaxedcondition,whichwaswidelyusedintraditionalmentaltherapy.
6.Therewasapopularnotion,infact,thatselflovebeganbyslayingone’sguilt.(para.5)Inpast,itwascommonlythoughtthattoloveoneself,everyoneshouldfirstgiveuphisguilt.其实以前就有个比较流行的看法,认为欲爱己需先消灭内疚感。
7.Peopleallaroundusspentagreatportionofthelastdecadetryingtotuneoutguiltinsteadofdecodingitsmessageandlearningwhatitwastryingtotellus.(para.5)Forthemostpartofthepasttenyears,peopledeliberatelyignorethesenseofguiltwithoutunderstandingitsmeaningandsignificance.
我们周围的人过去十年大部分时间一直想把内疚感抛在脑后,而不去探究内疚的含意,不去从中悟出些什么。
8.Withthatsortofsuccess,guiltwasripeforrevival.(para.6)Whenguiltissuccessfullyeliminated,it’salsothetimeforittobebroughtback.
9.Furthermore,wedidnotwanttojointhelegionswhoconqueredtheirguiltenroutetonewdepthsofnarcissisticrottenness.(para.6)What’smore,wewouldneverbeoneofthosewhogiveuptheirguiltwhilebecomingmoreandmoredeterioratedintheirexcessiveadmirationofthemselves.
再说了,有很多征服内疚感的人在自我陶醉的深渊中越陷越深,我们是不愿与之为伍的。
10.Itis,asLadyMacbethobsessivelyknew,thespotthatnooneelsemaysee.(para.7)InMacbeth,thefamousShakespearetragedy,LadyMacbethkilledtheKingDuncanandalwayshadtheideathattherewerebloodspotinherhands.
11.Thelastthingweneedmoreofislessconscience.(para.8)
我们什么不要都可以,唯独不能不要良知。
Weshouldbynomeansabandonconscience.
lasta.leastlikelyorexpected
e.g.Heisthelastpersonwewouldhavesuspected.我们是绝不会怀疑他的。
12.Asregardsconscience,Godhasdoneanunevenandcarelesspieceofwork.(para.9)Intheaspectofconscience,noteveryonehasbeengiventhesameamountofitwhenbeingbornasifGodiscarelessandunfair.
asregardsad.asto在…方面
13.therehastobesomelinebetween...(para.10)thereshouldbesomedifferencebetween;weshouldseparate...from...
14.theoppressedhave“chosen”theirlotinlife.(para.10)Thepeoplewhosufferintheirlifearedeterminedtobesoattheverybeginning.
15.thosewhooffernoguidance,no—gulp—moralorethicalpointofview.(para.11)
gulpv.tochokebackbyorasifbyswallowing
Heretheauthorischokedasifthefollowingwordsaredifficulttoutter.
16.feelguiltyjustforbeingalive(para.13)feelguiltyonlybecausetheyarealive;feelguiltyfornothing
17.thetrickisn’ttobecomeflaccidlynonjudgmental(para.14)Theimportantthingweshoulddoisnottobeafraidofmakingjudgment.
18....nothingelsebuttroublearisinginourmindfromourconsciousnessofhavingdonecontrarytowhatweareverilypersuadedwasourDuty.(para.15)...simplythediscomfortappearinginourinnerheartwhenwehavedonesomethingthatisnotrightaccordingourresponsibility
19.Wearealsoparticularlyvulnerabletofeelingsofdutyinatimeofchange.Todayanolderandingrainedsenseofwhatweshoulddomayconflictwithanewone.Inthegapsthatopenbetweenwhatweonceweretaughtandwhatwenowbelievegrowsarichcropofguilt.(para.17)Insuchachangeableworld,oursenseofdutyisverylikelytochangeourfeeling.Nowoldconceptmayconflictwiththenew
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