英语论文范文.docx
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英语论文范文.docx
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英语论文范文
ABriefDiscussiononBodyLanguage
[Abstract]Bodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunicationanditisconnectedwithculture.Inordertomakesuccessfulexchangeincross-culturalcommunication,weshouldknowthebodylanguagefromdifferentcultures.Andweshouldrealizethatbodylanguage,likeverbalcommunicationandculture,alsohasmanysimilaritiesallovertheworld.However,bodylanguagefromdifferentcultureshasmanydifferencesbecauseofdifferentregions,racesandculturalcustoms.Anditisrestrictedbyitscultureandhasdifferentculturalconnotations.Thatistosay,thesamebodylanguagehasdifferentmeaningsindifferentculturesandhasdifferentsocialfunctions.Thisarticledevotestoacomparisonandcontrastofbodylanguageindifferentculturesintermsofeyelanguage,gestures,postures,facialexpressionsandtouch.Itaimstoillustratethedifferencesandsimilaritiesofbodylanguageandputforwardtheprinciplesofreducingbarriersincommunicationsoastoachieveefficientcommunicationandtoavoidmisunderstanding.
[KeyWords]NonverbalCommunication;BodyLanguage;CulturalDifferencesandSimilarities;Principles
【摘要】身势语是非语言交际的重要组成部分并和文化紧密联系在一起。
为了在跨文化交际中能够成功地进行交流,我们应该了解不同文化的身势语,必须承认世界各国的身势语与语言和文化一样,也有相似之处。
然而,由于地域,种族,文化习俗的差异,不同文化的身势语有许多差异。
它们由文化制约并拥有独特的文化内涵。
也就是说,同样的身势语在不同文化背景下有不同的含义,行使着不同的社会功能。
本文致力于从目光语,手势语,身体姿态,面部表情,体触语方面对不同文化的身势语进行对比。
目的在于通过列举身势语的文化差异与共性,并提出交际中遵循的原则,从而促进有效交流,避免误解。
【关键词】非语言交际;身势语;文化异同;原则
目录
CONTENTS
1.Introduction………………………………………………………………3
2.DefinitionandFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication……3
2.1DefinitionofNonverbalCommunication………………3
2.2FunctionsofNonverbalCommunication………………4
3.ClassificationofBodyLanguage……………………………………4
4.CulturalDifferencesofBodyLanguage…………………………5
4.1EyeLanguage…………………………………………………………………5
4.2Gestures………………………………………………………………………7
4.3Postures………………………………………………………………………7
4.4Touch…………………………………………………………………………8
4.5FacialExpressions…………………………………………………………9
5.TheSimilaritiesofBodyLanguageandTheirCauses……10
5.1TheSimilaritiesofBodyLanguage……………………………………10
5.2TheCausesResultingintheSimilaritiesofBodyLanguage……11
6.ThePrinciplesofReducingBarriersinCommunication…11
7.Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………12
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………13
1.Introduction
Peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherthroughnotonlyverbalcommunicationbutalsononverbalcommunication.Moreover,thelatterplaysanessentialroleinhumancommunication.Nonverbalcommunicationisconnectedwithculturesanditistheresultofcultures.Butmanypeoplepaygreatattentiontotheacceptanceandcorrectnessoftheverbalcommunicationandoverlooktheinfluenceandculturaldifferenceofnonverbalcommunication.Thenthemisunderstandingandculturalcrashoftenoccurinthecross-culturalcommunication.Sointheprocessofcommunication,itisnotacompletecommunicationwhileignoringtheculturaldifferencesofnonverbalcommunication.AfamousanthropologistE.T.Hallpointedout“Silentlanguageexpressesmoreinformationthanverballanguage.Becauseitcontainsmuchinformation.”Accordingtosomeresearchersabroad,inpeople’sdailylife,nonverbalcommunicationtakespartover65%inallofinformationexchange.Andbodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunication.Manyexpertshaveshowntheimportanceofbodylanguageinthecross-culturalcommunication.“Apsychologistproposedaformula:
thetotalimpactofmessage=7%verbal38%vocal55%facialexpressionsandbehavior.”Itisclearwithoutbodylanguagewecan’tfinishourinformationalexchange.Bodylanguage,likeverballanguagecanexpressemotions,exchangeideasanddeliverinformation.Sowemustknowtheculturaldifferencesofbodylanguagetoachieveefficientcommunication.
2.DefinitionandFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication
2.1DefinitionofNonverbalCommunication
“Nonverbalcommunicationisaprocessinwhichcommunicatorsusethenaturalfeaturesoftheirbodiestodeliverinformationandexpressspecificmeaninginstinctivelytotheothercommunicator.”Thestudyofnonverbalcommunicationcoversthreemajorparts:
Proxernics,KinesicsorBodyLanguage,andParalanguage.Proxernicsrefersthatpeoplekeepcertainspacewitheachotherwhentheycommunicateandthemeaningitsuggests.Forexample,ArabiansliketokeepclosewhileEnglishmenliketokeepacertaindistance.Itisfunnytoseetheyareinconversation.ArabianswillcomecloserandcloserbutEnglishmenwillwithdrawfurtherandfurther.Whentheyfinishtheconversation,theyarefarawayfromtheplacetheystood.Kinesicsisalsocalledbodylanguage,whichstudiesthemeaningsofthemovementofallpartsofbodyanditincludesmanynonverbalbehaviorsuchaseyelanguage,gestures,postures,facialexpressions,touchandsoon.Wewilldiscussitindetailslater.Paralanguagereferstoallkindsofsoundsignalsmadebymouth,whichcanexpresscertainemotionsandideas.Paralanguageisnotthephrasesandsentenceswithclearmeanings.Itistotransforminformationbysound,suchas“Ouch”.Besidesthis,thepitchoftoneandloudnessorquietnessofvoicealsobelongstoparalanguage.Andsomeresearchersbelievethatclothingbelongstoparalanguage,too.
2.2FunctionsofNonverbalCommunication
Nonverbalcommunication,likeverbalcommunicationisalsoapartofcultureandthecarrierofacertainculture.Thefunctionofnonverbalcommunicationinthewholecommunicationcan’tbeoverlooked.“Inthedailycommunication,wecanseepeoplecan’tcommunicateefficientlybyverballanguagealone.Andnonverbalcommunicationwillexpressclearmeaningsinacertaincontext.Andacertainnonverbalcommunicationshouldbeconnectedwithverbalcommunicationortheothernonverbalcommunicationtoprovidecorrectinformation.”Soincommunicativeactivities,nonverbalcommunicationalsoplaysagreatrole.Ofcourse,weshouldpaycloseattentiontothefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication.“Inanycase,whenverbalcommunicationconflictswithnonverbalcommunication,peoplearewillingtoaccepttheinformationnonverbalcommunicationdelivers.Becausenonverbalcommunicationsoundsmorenatural,moreinstinctiveanditishardtopretend.”Obviously,weshouldmakefulluseofnonverbalcommunicationtoachieveefficientcommunication.Now,wewilldiscussthefunctionsofnonverbalcommunication.
Repetition.Forexample,whenwetellpeoplehowtogettothenearesthospital,wearenotonlytellingthemthedirectionbutalsopointingtothedirectionwithhands.Supplement.Forinstance,wegreetpeoplewithasmile.Smilefunctionsasasupplementtothepleasureofmeetingpeople.Replacement.Whenwecommunicatewithothers,wewillfrowninsteadofaskingdirectlytohintthatwedon’tunderstandandexpectrepetitionorexplanation.Emphasis.Whenwearetalkingormakingaspeech,weoftenraiseourvoicetostressthecontent.Andsometimes,wesay,“Itismyfault”whilehungdownourheads.Wesmileandsay,“Welcome”.Weshoutouttothepeoplewhilewavingourfists.Allthenonverbalcommunicationhereemphasizeswhatwesay.Adjustment.Weoftensuggestthatourtalkisoverbyourtone,eyes,headnoddingandothernonverbalcommunicativebehaviors.Forexample,themanagerstandsuptoshowtheendoftheinterview.
3.ClassificationofBodyLanguage
Wehavediscussedtheimportanceofnonverbalcommunication.Andwealsoknowbodylanguagereflectsacertainculturalbackground.Ontheonehand,inacertaintradition,bodylanguageisdeterminedbyitscustomsandtraditions.Violatingthemwillcausecommunicativedisconnectionandmisunderstanding.Ontheotherhand,themeaningsofbodylanguageinacertainculturearedevelopingandchanging.Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,trafficandcontactallovertheworld,themeaningsofbodylanguagearerenewingeveryday.Inthisessay,weintendtomakeacomparisonandcontrastofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesonbodylanguageinordertoavoidmisunderstandingandmakeefficientcommunication.
Ingeneralsense,thestudyofbodylanguagebeganin1950s.Andduring1970s,thestudyofbodylanguageenteredafullydevelopingperiod.Fromthelateof1970stotheearlyperiodof1980s,bodylanguagecontainedmorecontents,andhadagreatinfluenceontheotherfields.AndDoctorR.L.BirdWhitellistherepresentiveofstudyofbodylanguage.Hisresearchindicated:
eyebrowscouldchangefor23positionsandpeoplecouldmake250,000differentfacialexpressions.“AndpsychologistDavidAberconbiealsopointedout:
‘wespeakwithverbalorgansbutwetalkwithourbody.’”p34Bodylanguagecontainseyelanguage,gestures,postures,facialexpressions,mannersandbehaviorsandtouchandsoon.Asthemostimportantpartofnonverbalcommunication,bodylanguage,likeverballanguage,hasnotableculturalfeatures.Somepartsofbodylanguageareinnate,someareacquiredandothersareconscious.
(1)Ababycancrywhenitisborn.Itcansuckitsfingerswhenitishungry.Whenweareexcited,ourpupilswillenlargedistinctively.Oureyebrowswillmoverapidlywhenwegreet.Andwewillfrownwhenweareunsatisfied.Weareyawningwhenwefeelsleepy.
Andacquiredbodylanguageisgreatlyaffectedbysocialenvironmentandacceptedthroughcommonpractice.Itoftenbecomesadistinctiveculture.Everycountry,everynation,andeveneveryregionhasitsownhistoricalandculturalbackground.Sothebodylanguagepeopleuseisquitedifferent.
(2)Americansliketoshrugwhentheyhavenoideaaboutsomething.ButChinesedon’tdothesamething.Stretchingoutone’stonguemeanscontemptinAmerica,butinChinaitmeanssurpriseandrespectforguestsin
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