届人教版必修2一轮复习Unit 2 The Olympic Games单元学案24页.docx
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届人教版必修2一轮复习Unit 2 The Olympic Games单元学案24页.docx
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届人教版必修2一轮复习Unit2TheOlympicGames单元学案24页
2018届人教版必修2一轮复习:
Unit2TheOlympicGames单元学案
1单元话题阅读
Pausanias
TheGreektraveler,geographer,PausaniasfromMagnesia(115-180AD),visitedSikyonaround150AD.Inhisbooksgivesnotonlyhispersonalobservationsonmonumentsofartandarchitecturebutalsotopographicalandhistoricalinformation,aswellthereligiouscultsandtheopinionofthenativesoftheplaceshevisited.Laterinhislife,hesettledinRome,wherehecomposedfromhisnotesthe"Periegesis"(TourofGreece)intenbooks.InbookIIdescribesCorinthandSikyon.Theaccuracyofhisdescriptionshasbeenprovedcorrect.
PausaniascametoSikyonfromCorinth.ClosetotheGateofthecity,hesawaspringwhosewaterwascomingfromtheroofofacave,theso-called"Stazousa"(drippingspring).
Manysuggestionshavebeenmadeaboutthelocationofthespring.InouropinionthisplaceiswherethespringofMikriBrysiistodayandherearesomearguments:
Intheeasternplateautheyweretwopossibleentrances,asstillaretoday,thewayPausaniaswascoming.TheSacredGateandthewaytotheplateauarefromMikriBrysi.SincehedidnotenterfromtheSacredGate,whichhementionsonlylaterinhisdescription,theoneleftoughttobenearthespringofMikriBrysi,wherethereisapathstilltoday(SaintAthanasios)toascendtotheplateau.ThisexplainswhyhestartshisdescriptionfromtheHellenisticAcropolis.
Anyotherentrancemustberejected.ApossibleentranceofPausaniasfromthenorthwestsideoftheplateau,mustbedismissed,thereasonbeingtherearenospringsandcavesthere,secondhewouldhaveseentheStadium,whichhedoesnotmentionandthirditisanunnaturalentrancebecausePausaniaswascomingfromtheeast(Corinth),notthewest.Anotherpossiblesiteforanentrance,agullyinthemiddleoftheeasternplateau,notexactlyinhisway,ithasalargecave,butitistoosteepanddifficulttoascendandifPausaniascamethroughhere,hewouldhadstarthisdescriptionfromtheAgoraandnotfromtheHellenisticAcropolis.
PausaniasbeginshisdescriptionfromtheHellenisticAcropoliswherehefindsthetempleofTycheAkraiaandalittlefurthertheDioscouroiTemple.Thestatuesofthembothweremadefromwood.
DescendingfromtheAcropolis,hecametotheTheaterandinthestagehesawastatueofAratos,sonofKleinias,holdingashield.
Fromthere,hevisitedthenearbyTempleofDionysoswhosestatuewasmadeofgoldandivoryandathissideswereBakchaiofwhitemarble.
Walkingtowardsthemarket,athisright,hesawtheruinedtempleofArtemisLimnaia,averyancienttemple.ThisisidentifiedtodaywiththeexcavatedruinsofatempleoppositetotheRomanbaths.ThenamegiventoArtemis"Limnaia"indicates,thatatthesetimestherewasabundantwaterontheplateau,asalsothedrainageoftheTheatersuggests.Diodorosconfirmsthis.
InasortdistancefromthetempleofArtemisandattheentranceinAgora,therewasthesanctuaryofPeitho,theso-calledlater"Phobos"place,whereApolloandArtemiscameafterkillingthePythonatDelphi.ThenexttoittemenosofRomanemperors,wasoncethehouseoftyrantKleon.
TheTempleofApollointhemarket,wheretheceremonyfromtheriverSythaswasended,hadbeenfoundedbyProetos,forthesakeofhisdaughtersrecoveringfrommadness.Insidethetempleinoldertimestheywerekeptvariouspreciousobjects.
Closeto"Phobos"placewastheHeroonofAratos.PausaniasnowwalkingthroughAgora,hesawtheAltarofIsthmianPoseidonandclosetoitthestatuesofZeusMeilichiosandArtemisPatroa,bothofthemmadesymbolically,ZeusintheshapeofpyramidandArtemisasacolumn.
Fromtherehewenttotheclose-byBouleuterion.Excavationstodayshowsus,thatitwasabigsquarebuilding(40mx41m),havingsixteencolumnsintheinteriorforthesupportoftheroof.Atlatertimesitwasusedasbaths.
NexttoittherewasabigStoa,whichPausaniastellusthatwasadedicationbyKleisthenesfromtheplundersofthesacredwar.ThebuildingwhoseexcavationshavebeenmadedatesfromHellenistictimesandPausaniascan'tbecorrectunlessthebuildinghadbeenrebuild.Thedimensionsofthebuildingwere106mx6mandhad47Doriccolumnsandintheinterior24Ioniccolumns.Insideittheywere20roomsofsamesizewhichtheywereusedasshoppingstores.
ItwasnearherethattheenormousbronzestatueofZeuswasstandingmadebyLysipposandnexttoitagildedArtemisandclosetothemtheruinedfromfire,veryoldtempleofApolloLykeios.InsideitwaskeptthebarkofthelogwithwhichApollohelpedtheSikyonianstopoisonthewolves.ItwasalsoherethatthebronzestatuesofthedaughtersofProetoswerestanding.
ThelaststatuesPausaniasdescribesintheAgoraisthecolossalbronzeHerakles(Resting)madebyLysipposat320BC,attheageofseventyyearsoldandHermesAgoraios.
PausaniascontinueshisdescriptionbyvisitingtheGymnasiumofAgora's,inwhichanotherHeraklesmadebySkopasstood,nearbywasthesanctuaryofHerakleswhoseperivoloswasknownas"Paidizoi",aplaceforchildrentoplay.Heraklesstatuehadbeenmadefromwood,byLaphaesofPhleiousinveryancienttimes.
AlittlefurtherwasthesanctuaryofAsklepios,whosetemplecontainedthechryselephantinestatueoftheGodmadebyKalamisofSikyon.InsidethesanctuarytherewasalsoanothertemplesharedbyApolloKarneiosandHypnos,whoseonlyhisheadhadsurvivedatthistime.PausaniaswasunabletoseethestatueofApolloKarneiosbecauseitwasforbiddentoanyonetoenter,exceptpriests.
TherewasanothersanctuaryneartheAsklepios,thesanctuaryofAphrodite,whichalsocontainedachryselephantinestatueofthegoddessmadebyKanachosofSikyon.Itwasintheyardofthetemplethattherareplant"Paidairos"wasgrowingfromwhichthefamousgarlands"Iakchoi"weremade.PausaniaswastoldbytheSikyoniansthatitcouldgrowhereandnowhereelse.InsidethesanctuarywasalsoastatueofAntiopethemotherofAmphionandZethos,thesonofSikyoniankingEpopeos.
PausaniasascendingtotheGymnasiumofKleinias,onhisrightsawthesanctuaryofArtemisPheraia,thestatueofgoddessmadeofwoodhadbeenbroughtfromPheraiandintheGymnasiumthebustsofHeraklesandArtemis.
LastlyPausaniasmovedtowardstheSacredGatetotheeasternsiteoftheplateau,wherethemainpartoftheAncientAcropoliswas.ThefirstbuildinghevisitednearthegatewasthatofAthena,averylargetemple,whichhadbeenfoundedbyEpopeosandwhohadbeenburiedinthefrontofthealtar.Bythistimethetemplehadbeendestroyedandonlythealtarhadremained.
ClosetothegraveofEpopeoswerethe"ApotropaioiTheoi"(theavertersofmisfortunes).TheneighboringsanctuaryofApolloandArtemiswasalsomadebyEpopeos.
ThenearthemsanctuaryofHerahadbeenmadebyAdrastos.Pausaniasdidnotseeanyimagesinbothofthem.BehindthesanctuaryofHerawasanaltartoPanandonetoHelios(Sun)madeofwhitemarble.
Pausaniasnowdescendedfromtheplateautotheslope,toseethesanctuaryofDemeterwhichhadbeenfoundedbyPlemnaeisasathank-offeringtothegoddessfortherearingofhisson.
HeascendedbacktotheplateauandnearthesanctuaryofHerasawthetempleofKarneianApollo.OnlythepillarswerestandingasalsointhetempleofHeraProdromia(HeraPioneer)whichwasfoundedbyPhalkes,sonofTemenos,whoassertedthatHeraguidehimontheroadtoSikyon.
FromherePausaniasleftthecityandtraveledtoTitane.
AnOlympicStory:
PhidippidesandtheOriginsoftheMarathon
ThecitiesofGreecewereatwarwithPersiaandintheyear490B.C.Greecewasnotasinglecountryatthattime,butratheracollectionofsometimes-hostilecity-states.City-statesincludeamaincityandtheareasurroundingthatcity.ThePersianArmyhadalreadycapturedanumberofGreekislandsandcontinueditsexpansion.HopingtotakeAthens,thePersianArmylandedalargeforceontheplainsofMarathon,justoutsidethecity,wheretheypreparedtheirattack.
TheAthenianArmywasgreatlyoutnumberedandtheyknewthattheywouldbeunabletosurvivethePersianattackwithouthelp.Indesperation,thegreatmessengerPhidippideswassenttothecityofSpartatoaskforhelp.Heissaidtohavetravelledthe250-kilometrecourseinonly36hours.Spartaagreedtohelp,buttheywouldbeunabletoarriveintimetosavetheAtheniansbecausetheSpartanswereobservingareligiousfestival.Theywouldarrivelongafterthebattlehadbeenfought.Phidippidesranback,another250-kilometres,toinformtheAtheniangeneralsofthenews.
ThedesperateAthenians,whowereoutnumberedfourtoone,organizedasurpriseattackonthePersianformations,andmanagedagainstalloddstodefeatthemanddriveawaytheirenemies.Asthelegendgoes,Phidippidesthenranmorethan40kilometresbacktoAthenstobringnewsoftheirvictory,anddiedashortwhilelaterfromexhaustion.ItisafterPhidippides?
finalrun,fromMarathontoAthens,thatthe41.3kilometreMarathonraceisnamed.
Phidippides
TheMarathoncourseofthe2004AthensParalympicGamesfollowedthesameroutethatPhidippidesissaidtohavetakeninancienttimes,andthissamecoursewastakenbyrunnersinthefirstmodernOlympicGamesin1896.
二单元基础知识回顾
Part1WarmingupandReading
Step1Thinkaboutthefollowingquestionsaboutcommonsense
1.Thefiveinterlocking(紧密相扣的)ringsstandforfriendshipoffivecontinents.Whatarethey?
_____________________________________________________Asia,Europe,Africa,America,Oceania
2.2008Olympicmascot_________________________________Fuwa
3.2008Olympicnationalstadium(体育场
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