高中化学方程式总结High school chemistry equation summary.docx
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高中化学方程式总结High school chemistry equation summary.docx
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高中化学方程式总结Highschoolchemistryequationsummary
高中化学方程式总结(Highschoolchemistryequationsummary)
Highschoolchemistryequationsummary
Basicclass
Nonmetallicelementaryelements(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si)
1,oxidation:
F2+H2=2HF
F2+Xe(excess)===XeF2
2F2(excess)+Xe===XeF4
NF2+2M===2MFn(representingmostmetals)
2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2
2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O
F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2
F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2
F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2
F2,+Cl2(equalvolume)===2ClF
3F2(excess)+Cl2===2ClF3
7F2(excess)+I2===2IF7
Cl2+H2===2HCl
3Cl2+2P===2PCl3
Cl2+PCl3===PCl5
Cl2+2Na===2NaCl
3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3
Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3
Cl2+Cu===CuCl2
2Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2
Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I2
5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl
Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S
Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S
Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2
2O2+3Fe===Fe3O4
O2+K===KO2
S+H2===H2S
2S+C===CS2
S+Fe===FeS
S+2Cu===Cu2S
3S+2Al===Al2S3
S+Zn===ZnS
N2+3H2===2NH3
N2+3Mg===Mg3N2
N2+3Ca===Ca3N2
N2+3Ba===Ba3N2
N2+6Na===2Na3N
N2+6K===2K3N
N2+6Rb===2Rb3N
P2+6H2===4PH3
P+3Na===Na3P
2P+3Zn===Zn3P2
2.reducibility
S+O2===SO2
S+O2===SO2
S+6HNO3(thick)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O
3S+4HNO3(dilute)===3SO2+4NO+2H2O
N2+O2===2NO
4P+5O2===P4O10(oftenwrittenasP2O5)
2P+3X2===2PX3(XstandsforF2,Cl2,Br2)
PX3+X2===PX5
P4+20HNO3(thick)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O
C+2F2===CF4
C+2Cl2===CCl4
2C+O2(asmallamount)===2CO
C+O2(adequate)===CO2
C+CO2===2CO
C+H2O===CO+H2(generatingwatergas)
2C+SiO2===Si+2CO(madefromcrudesilicon)
Si(coarse)+2Cl===SiCl4
(SiCl4+2H2===Si(pure)+4HCl)
Si(powder)+O2===SiO2
Si+C===SiC(emery)
Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2
3,(base)disproportionation
Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO
(acidinhibition,disproportionation,additionofalkaliorilluminationtopromotedisproportionation)
Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O
2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O
3Cl2+6KOH(hot,thick)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O
3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O
4P+3KOH(thick)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO2
11P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4
3C+CaO===CaC2+CO
3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO
Two,thereductionofmetallicelements(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)
2Na+H2===2NaH
4Na+O2===2Na2O
2Na2O+O2===2Na2O2
2Na+O2===Na2O2
2Na+S===Na2S(explosion)
2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H2
2Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H2
4Na+TiCl4(molten)===4NaCl+Ti
Mg+Cl2===MgCl2
Mg+Br2===MgBr2
2Mg+O2===2MgO
Mg+S===MgS
Mg+2H2O===Mg(OH)2+H2
2Mg+TiCl4(molten)===Ti+2MgCl2
Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb
2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C
2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+Si
Mg+H2S===MgS+H2
Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2
2Al+3Cl2===2AlCl3
4Al+3O2===2Al2O3(passivation)
4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg
4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn
2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr
2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe
2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe
2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2
2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2
2Al+6H2SO4(concentrated)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O
(Al,Feispassivatedincold,denseH2SO4,HNO3)
Al+4HNO(dilute)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O
2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2
2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr3
Fe+I2===FeI2
Fe+S===FeS
3Fe+4H2O(g)===Fe3O4+4H2
Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2
Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+Cu
Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2
(irondoesnottakefourtinchloridecompletelyinanacidenvironment
ReducedtotinFe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn
Three,non-metallichydrides(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)
1,reducibility:
4HCl(thick)+MnO2===MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O
4HCl(g)+O2===2Cl2+2H2O
16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O
14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O
2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2
2H2S+3O2(adequate)===2SO2+2H2O
2H2S+O2(asmallamount)===2S+2H2O
2H2S+SO2===3S+2H2O
H2S+H2SO4(thick)===S+SO2+2H2O
3H2S+2HNO(dilute)===3S+2NO+4H2O
5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O
3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O
H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOH
2NH3+3CuO===3Cu+N2+3H2O
2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl
8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl
4NH3+3O2(pureoxygen)===2N2+6H2O
4NH3+5O2===4NO+6H2O
4NH3+6NO===5N2+6HO(removalofNObyammonia)
NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2
4NaH+TiCl4===Ti+4NaCl+2H2
CaH2+2H2O===Ca(OH)2+2H2
2,acidic:
4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O
(thecontentofthisreactioniswidelyusedinthedeterminationofSiO2insteelsamplesorsamples)
2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HCl
H2S+Fe===FeS+H2
H2S+CuCl2===CuS+2HCl
H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S+2HNO3
H2S+HgCl2===HgS+2HCl
H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS+2HNO3
H2S+FeCl2===
2NH3+2Na==2NaNH2+H2
(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3)
3,alkaline:
NH3+HCl===NH4Cl
NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3
2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4
NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl
(thisreactionisusedinindustrialpreparationofbakingsoda,soda)
4,instability:
2HF===H2+F2
2HCl===H2+Cl2
2H2O===2H2+O2
2H2O2===2H2O+O2
H2S===H2+S
2NH3===N2+3H2
Four,non-metallicoxides
Reducibilityoflow-pricedstates:
2SO2+O2===2SO3
2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4
(thisistheslowenvironmentalchemicalreactionofSO2occurringintheatmosphere.)
SO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCl
SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr
SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HI
SO2+NO2===SO3+NO
2NO+O2===2NO2
NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2
(usedinthenitricacidindustrytoabsorbNOandNO2inexhaustgases)
2CO+O2===2CO2
CO+CuO===Cu+CO2
3CO+Fe2O3===2Fe+3CO2
CO+H2O===CO2+H2
Oxidation:
SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O
SO3+2KI===K2SO3+I2
NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH
(nobrominevaporandNO2canbeidentifiedwithstarchKIsolution)
4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O
2NO2+Cu===4CuO+N2
CO2+2Mg===2MgO+C
(CO2cannotbeusedtoextinguishburningfiressuchasMg,Ca,Ba,Na,K,etc.)
SiO2+2H2===Si+2H2O
SiO2+2Mg===2MgO+Si
3,withtheroleofwater:
SO2+H2O===H2SO3
SO3+H2O===H2SO4
3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO
N2O5+H2O===2HNO3
P2O5+H2O===2HPO3
P2O5+3H2O===2H3PO4
(P2O5ishighlyabsorbentandcanbeusedasagasdryingagent
P2O5+3H2SO4(thick)===2H3PO4+3SO3
CO2+H2O===H2CO3
4,withtheroleofalkalinesubstances:
SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3
SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3
(thisisthereactionofthesulphuricacidplanttotherecoveryofSO2.FirstabsorbSO2withammoniawater,
AndthenH2SO4processing:
2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2
TheresultingammoniumsulfateisusedasfertilizerandtheSO2isrecycledasfeedstockgas
SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3+H2O
(donotdistinguishbetweenclearlimeandwater,SO2andCO2.canbeidentifiedwithfuchsin.)
SO3+MgO===MgSO4
SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4+H2O
CO2+2NaOH(excess)===Na2CO3+H2O
CO2(excess)+NaOH===NaHCO3
CO2+Ca(OH)2(excess)===CaCO3+H2O
2CO2(excess)+Ca(OH)2===Ca(HCO3)2
CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3
CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH+NaHCO3
SiO2+CaO===CaSiO3
SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O
(alkalinesolutionslowlycorrosiveglassatnormaltemperature)
SiO2+Na2CO3===Na2SiO3+CO2
SiO2+CaCO3===CaSiO3+CO2
Five,metaloxide
1,thelowcostofreduction:
6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4
FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O
2,oxidation:
Na2O2+2Na===2Na2O
(thisreactionisusedtoprepareNa2O)
MgO,Al2O3,ishardlyoxidizingandcanhardlybereducedtoMg,Al.
MgandAl.areusuallymadebyelectrolysis
Fe2O3+3H2===2Fe+3H2O(reducedironpowder)
Fe3O4+4H2===3Fe+4H2O
3,withtheroleofwater:
Na2O+H2O===2NaOH
2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2
Thisreactionisdividedintotwosteps:
Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;
Thepreparationof2H2O2===2H2O+O2.andH2O2canutilizesimilarreactions:
BaO2+H2SO4(dilute)===BaSO4+H2O2
MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(slowresponse)
4,withtheroleofacidicsubstances:
Na2O+SO3===Na2SO4
Na2O+CO2===Na2CO3
Na2O+2HCl===2NaCl+H2O
2Na2O2+2CO2===2Na2CO3+O2
Na2O2+H2SO4(cold,thin)===Na2SO4+H2O2
mgo+so3===mgso4
mgo+h2so4===mgso4+h2o
al2o3+3h2so4===al2(so4)3+3h2o
(al2o3是两性氧化物:
al2o3+2naoh===2naalo2+h2o)
feo+2hcl===fecl2+3h2o
fe2o3+6hcl===2fecl3+3h2o
fe2o3+3h2s(g)===fe2s3+3h2o
fe3o4+8hcl===fecl2+2fecl3+mncl2.4h2o
六,含氧酸
1,氧化性:
4hclo3+3h2s===3h2so4+4hcl
hclo3+hi===hio3+hcl
3hclo+hi===hio3+3hcl
hclo+h2so3===h2so4+hcl
hclo+h2o2===hcl+h2o+o2
(氧化性:
hclohclo2hclo3>>>hclo4,
但浓,热的hclo4氧化性很强)
2h2so4(浓)+c===co2+2so2+2h2o
2h2so4(浓)+s===3so2+2h2o
h2so4+fe(al)室温下钝化
6h2so4(浓)+2fe===fe2(so4)3+3so2+6h2o
2h2so4(浓)+cu===cu+so2+2h2o
h2so4(浓)+2hbr===so2+br2+2h2o
h2so4(浓)+2hi===so2+i1+2h2o
h2so4(稀)+fe===feso4+h2
2h2so3+2h2s===3s+2h2o
4hno3(浓)+c===co2+4no2+2h2o
6hno3(浓)+s===h2so4+6no2+2h2o
5hno3(浓)+p===h3po4+5no2+h2o
6hno3+fe===fe(no3)3+3no2+3h2o
4hno3+fe===fe(no3)3+no+2h2o
30hno3+8fe===8fe(no3)3+3n2o+15h2o
36hno3+10fe===10fe(no3)3+3n2+18h2o
30hno3+8fe===8fe(no3)3+3nh4no3+9h2o
2,还原性:
h2so3+x2+h2o===h2so4+2hx
(x表示cl2,br2,i2)
2h2so3+o2===2h2so4
h2so3+h2o2===h2so4+h2o
5h2so3+2kmno4===2mnso4+k2so4+2h2so4+3h2o
h2so3+2fecl3+h2o===h2so4+2fecl2+2hcl
3,酸性:
h2so4(浓)+caf2===caso4+2hf
h2so4(浓)+nacl===nahso4+hcl
h2so4(浓)+2nacl===na2so4+2hcl
h2so4(浓)+nano3===nahso4+hno3
3h2so4(浓)+ca3(po4)2===3caso4+2h3po4
2h2so4(浓)+ca3(po4)2===2caso4+ca(h2po4)2
3hno3+ag3po4===h3po4+3agno3
2hno3+caco3===ca(no3)2+h2o+co2
(用hno3和浓h2so4不能制备h2s,hi,hbr,(so2)
等还原性气体)
4h3po4+ca3(po4)2===3ca(h2po4)2(重钙)
h3po4(浓)+nabr===nah2po4+hbr
h3po4(浓)+nai,===nah2po4+hi
4,不稳定性:
2hclo===2hcl+o2
4hno3===4no2+o2+2h2o
h2so3===h2o+so2
h2co3===h2o+co2
h4sio4===h2sio3+h2o
七,碱
低价态的还原性:
4fe(oh)2+o2+2h2o===4fe(oh)3
与酸性物质的作用:
2naoh+so2(少量)===na2so3+h2o
naoh+so2(足量)===nahso3
2naoh+sio2===nasio3+h2o
2naoh+al2o3===2naalo2+h2o
2naoh+cl2===nacl+naclo+h2o
naoh+hclnacl+h2o===
naoh+h2s(足量)===nahs+h2o
2naoh+h2s(少量)===na2s+2h2o
3naohalcl3===+al(oh)3+3nacl
naoh+al(oh)3===naalo2+2h2o
(alcl3和al(oh)3哪个酸性强?
)
naoh+nh4cl===+nh3+h2onacl
mg(oh)2+2nh4cl===mgcl2+2nh3.h2o
al(oh)3+nh4cl不溶解
3,不稳定性:
mg(oh)2andmgo+h
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