语言学教程相关名词翻译和解释.docx
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语言学教程相关名词翻译和解释.docx
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语言学教程相关名词翻译和解释
Teachingaims:
letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutlanguageandlinguistics.
Teachingdifficulties:
designfeaturesoflanguage;someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
Teachingprocedures
1.language
1.1Whystudylanguage?
为什么学习语言
Atoolforcommunication交流的工具
Anintegralpartofourlifeandhumanity人类生活和人性中不可或缺的一部分.
Ifwearenotfullyawareofthenatureandmechanismofourlanguage,wewillbeignorantofwhatconstitutesouressentialhumanity.如果不能完全理解语言的本质和结构,我们就会对人类的本质一无所知.
1.2Whatislanguage?
什么是语言
1.2.1differentsensesoflanguage语言的不同意义
1.whatapersonsays(concreteactofspeech)
aperson’sconsistentwayofspeakingorwriting
aparticularlevelofspeakingorwritinge.g.colloquiallanguage
anabstractsystem
2.Awebster’sNewDictionraryoffersafrequentlyusedsenseoftheword“language”:
a.humanspeech人类的言语
b.theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans通过言语来交流的能力
c.asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings;用来表达或交流思想和感觉的一套声音及这些声音互相结合的系统
d.thewrittenrepresentationofsuchasystem系统的文字表达
3.thebarestofdefinition,languageisameansofverbalcommunication.最简洁的定义:
语言是言语交流的一种方式.
Languageisinstrumentalinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.Itissocialandconventionalinthatlanguageisasocialsemiosticandcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles.Languagedistinguishesusfromanimals.因为说和写的交流方式是一种有目的的行为,所以语言是实用性的;因为语言是社会符号,语言的交流只能在所有参与者广泛理解了人类的那些非言语的暗示,动机,社会文化角色等等互相关联的因素之后才能有效进行,因此语言又是社会的,约定俗成的.语言使人嗲鹩诙?
1.2.2definitions
一.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
Whatiscommunication?
Aprocessinwhichinformationistransmittedfromasource(senderorspeaker)toagoal(receiverorlistener).
Asystem----sinceelementsinitarearrangedaccordingtocertainrulessystematically,ratherthanrandomly.Theycannotbearrangedatwill.e.g.Hethetablecleaned.(×)bkli(×)
Whydowesaylanguageisarbitrary?
Arbitrary----thereisnointrinsic(logic)connectionbetweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning,betweenthesoundsthatpeopleuseandtheobjectstowhichthesesoundsrefer.Thisexplainsandisexplainedbythefactthatdifferentlanguagehavedifferentwordsforthesameobject,itisgoodillustrationofthearbitrarynatureoflanguage.itisonlyourtacitagreementofutteranceandconceptatworkandnotanyinnaterelationshipboundupintheutterance.Atypicalexampletoillustratethearbitraryoflanguageisafamousquotationfromshakepeare’splay:
”RomeoandJuliet:
Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet.一朵玫瑰不管它叫什么名字,闻起来都是一样香的.
Symbols----wordsarejustthesymbolsassociatedwithobjects,actions,andideasbynothingbutconvention.Namely,peopleusethesoundsorvovalformstosymbolizewhattheywishtoreferto.
Vocal--------theprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound,nomatterhowwelldevelopedtheirwritingsystemsare.Writingsystemscamemuchlaterthanthespokenforms.Thefactthatsmallchildrenlearnandcanonlylearntospeakandlistenbeforetheywriteorreadalsoindicatesthatlanguageisprimarilyvocal,ratherthanwritten.
Writingsystemscameintobeingmuchlaterthanthespokenforms.
Peoplewithlittleornoliteracycanalsobecompetentlanguageusers.
Human----languageishuman-specific.
Humanbeingshavedifferentkindsofbrainsandvocalcapacity.
“LanguageAcquisitionDevice”(LAD)
二.Whatcharacteristicsoflangaugedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprenhensivedefinitionoflanguage?
Languageisarule-governedsystem;langaugeisbasicallyvocal;langaugeisarbitrary;langagueisusedforhumancommunication.
1.3Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的结构特征
Designfeatures------referstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Theyarearbitrariness,duality,creativity/productivity,displacement,cluturaltransmissionandinterchangeability.
Designfeatures-----arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,etc.(指决定了人类语言性质的特征.例如任意性,二重性,创造性,移位性,文化转移性等.)
TheAmericanlinguistCharlesHockettspecifiedtwelvedesignfeatures.
Whatisarbitrariness?
任意性
a.arbitrariness----arbitrariness(任意性):
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(人类语言的本质特征之一,指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系.)
ItwasdiscussedbySaussurefirst.Thelinkbetweenthemisamatterofconvention.
E.g.“house”uchi(Japanese)
Mansion(French)
房子(Chinese)
(1)arbitrarybetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning语言的音和义之间的任意性
a.By“arbitrary”,wemeanthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.语言的意义和语音之间没有逻辑关系。
Agogmightbeapigifonlythefirstpersonorgroupofpersonshaduseditforagig.Languagethereforeislargelyarbitrary.
b.Butlanguageisnotabsolutelyseemtobesomesound-meaningassociation,ifwethinkofechowords,like“bang””crash””roar””rumble””cakle”,whicharemotivatedinacertainsense.”
onomatopoeia拟声词---wordsthatsoundlikethesoundstheydescribe那些发音像它们的描写的声音的词
c.somecompounds(wordscompoundedtobeoneword)arenotentirelyarbitaryeither.“type”and”write”areopaqueorunmotivatedwords,while“type-writer”islessso,ormoretransparentormotivatedthanthewordsthatmakeit.sowecansay“arbitrariness”isamatterofdegree.
arbitraryandonometopoeiceffectmayworkatthesametime.任意性和拟声可以同时起作用。
Eg.Themurmuroushauntoffliesonsummereves.夏日黄昏,群蝇嗡嗡地非。
(2)Arbitraryatthesyntacticlevel句法上的任意性
Accordingtosystematic-functionalistsandAmericanfunctionlists,languageisnotarbitraryatthesyntacticlevel.对于系统功能语言学家和美国功能语言学家来说,语言在句法上是非任意的。
Syntax-----itreferstothewaysthatsentencesareconstructedaccordingtothegrammarofarrangement.句法就是依据语法安排造句之法。
(3)Aribrtaryandconvention任意性和约定性
Thelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofconvention.语言学上的符号和它的意义之间是约定俗成的关系。
Theothersideofcoinofarbitrariness,namely,conventionality.任意性的相反面,即约定性。
conventionality----Itmeansthatinanylanguagetherearecertainsequencesofsoundsthathaveaconventionallyacceptedmeaning.Thosewordsarecustomarilyusedbyallspeakerswiththesameintendedmeaningandunderstoodbyalllistenersinthesameway.
Arbitrainessoflangaugemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakeslearningalanguagelaborious.任意性赋予语言潜在的创造力,而语言的约定性又使学习语言变得费力。
Therearetwodifferentschoolsofbeliefconcerningarbitrariness.Mostpeople,especiallystructurallinguistsbelievethatlanguageisarbitrarybynature.Otherpeople,however,holdthatlanguageisiconic,thatis,thereisadirectrelationorcorrespondencebetweensoundandmeaning,suchasonomatopoeia.(cuckoo;crash)
Forthemajorityofanimalsignals,theredoesappeartobeaclearconnectionbetweentheconveyedmessageandthesignalusedtoconveyit,Andforthem,thesetsofsignalsusedincommunicationisfinite.
b.duality(二重性):
---onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchasunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.(人类语言的本质特征之一,指拥有两层结构的这种特性,底层结构是上层结构的组成成分,每层都有自身的组合规则.)
duality----languageissimultaneouslyorganizedattwolevelsorlayers,namely,thelevelofsoundsandthatofmeaning.
thehigherlevel----wordswhicharemeaningful
thelowerorthebasiclevel----soundswhicharemeaningless,butcanbegroupedandregroupedintowords.
Dog:
woof(butnot“w-oo-f”)
Thisdualityoflevelsis,infact,oneofthemosteconomicalfeaturesofhumanlanguage,sincewithalimitedsetofdistinctsoundswearecapableofproducingaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations(e.g.words)whicharedistinctinmeaning.
Theprincipleofeconomy
Linguistsrefer“duality”(ofstructure)tothefactthatinalllanguagesofarinvestigated,onefindstwolevelsofstructureorpatterning.Atthefirst,higherlevel,languageisanalyzedintermsofcombinationsofmeaningfulunits(suchasmorphemes,wordsetc.).Atthesecond,lowerlevel,itisseenasasequenceofsegmentswichlackanymeaninginthemselves,butwhichcombinetoformunitsofmeaning.
AccordingtoHUZHUANGLIN,languageisasystemoftwosetsofstructuresortwolevels,oneofsoundandtheotherofmeaning.Thisisimprotantfortheworkingsoflanguage.
Asmallnumberofsenmanticwords/units,andtheseunitsofmeaningcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.这些意义单位组成无数个句子。
(notethatwehavedictionariesofwords,butnodictionaryofsentences!
).
Dualitymakesitpossibleforapersontotalkaboutanythingwithinhisknowledge.Noanmialcommunicationsystemenjoysthisduality.
Totalkaboutdualitywemustnoticethatlanguageishierarchical.说到语言的二重性,我们必须注意语言的等级性。
c.Creativity----languageisresourceful.Itmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.(novelutterancesarecontinuallybeingcreated.)non-humansignals,ontheotherhand,appearstohavelittleflexibility.
creativity(创造性):
onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,bycreativitywemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.(指语言的能产性,因为语言有二重性和递归性.)
productivity----productivityreferstotheabilitytoconstructandunderstandanindefinitelylargenumberofsenten
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