心理学名词解释.docx
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心理学名词解释.docx
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心理学名词解释
A
ABDesign
Asinglesubjectresearchdesignthatcontainsonebaseline(A)andonetreatment(B).
ABABDesign
Asinglesubjectresearchdesignthatcontainsabaseline(A1),treatment(B1),asecondbaseline(B2)andasecondtreatmentphase(B2)
Alpha(lowercase)
Theabbreviationforprobabilityoferrorinstatisticalresults.SeeTypeIError.(a)
AlternativeHypothesis
Thehypothesisthatstatesthereisadifferencebetweentwoormoresetsofdata.
AbsoluteZero
Characteristicofascaleofmeasurementthatcontainsapointwherethescalehasnovalue.
Accommodation
Thecreationofnewcognitiveschemaswhenobjects,experiences,orotherinformationdoesnotfitwithexistingschemas.
ActionPotential
Thefiringonaneuron.Occurswhenthechargeinsidetheneuronbecomesmorepositivethanthechargeoutside.
Acetycholine
Aneurotransmitterassociatedwithvoluntarymovement,sleepandwakefulness.
Aggressive
Aninterpersonalstylewhereonlytheimmediateneedsoftheselfareconsideredratherthantheneedsofothers.(Asopposedtopassiveorassertive)
Agoraphobia
Ananxietydisordercharacterizedbyanintensefearofleavingone'shome.
AllorNoneLaw
Eitheraneuroncompletelyfiresoritdoesnotfireatall.
Alpha(lowercase)
Theabbreviationforprobabilityoferrorinstatisticalresults.SeeTypeIError.(a)
AlternativeHypothesis
Thehypothesisthatstatesthereisadifferencebetweentwoormoresetsofdata.
Altruism
Behaviorthatisunselfishandmayevenbedetrimentalbutwhichbenefitsothers.
Amnesia
Lossofmemory.Usuallyonlyapartiallosssuchasforaperiodoftimeorbiographicalinformation.
Amygdala
Apartofthebrain'slimbicsystemthatattachesemotionalsignificancetoinformationandmediatesbothdefensiveandaggressivebehavior.
AnalExpulsivePersonality
StemmingfromtheAnalstage,achildwhobecomesfixatedduetoovercontroltransfershisorherunresolvedanal(orcontrol)issuesintocharacteristicssuchascruelty,pushiness,messiness,ordisorganization.
AnalRetentivePersonality
StemmingfromtheAnalstage,achildwhobecomesfixatedduetoundercontroltransfershisorherunresolvedanal(orcontrol)issuesintocharacteristicssuchascompulsivity,stinginess,cleanliness,organization,andobstinance.
AnalStage
Freud'ssecondstageofpsychosexualdevelopmentwheretheprimarysexualfocusisontheeliminationorholdingontofeces.Thestageisoftenthoughtofasrepresentingachild'sabilitytocontrolhisorherownworld.
Analysis
SeePsychoanalysis.
AnalysisofVariance
Aninferentialstatisticalprocedureusedtotestwhetherornotthemeansoftwoormoresetsofdataareequaltoeachother.
ANOVA
AnalysisofVariance.
Anxiety
Thephysiologicalandpsychologicalreactiontoanexpecteddanger,whetherrealorimagined.
Aphasia
Theimpairmentoftheabilitytocommunicateeitherthroughoralorwrittendiscourseasaresultofbraindamage.
Approach-ApproachConflict
Theconflictpresentedwhentwooppositebutequallyappealingchoicesareavailablebutcannotbothbeobtained.
Approach-AvoidanceConflict
Theconflictpresentedwhenthebestpositivechoicewillresultinanegativeoutcomeaswellaspositive.
ArousalTheory
Thetheorystatingthatwearemotivatedbyourinnatedesiretomaintainanoptimallevelofarousal.
Assertive
Styleofinterpersonalinteractionwhereboththeneedsoftheselfandothersareconsidered.(Asopposedtopassiveoraggressive)
Assimilation
Incorporatingobjects,experiences,orinformationintoexistingschemas.
Associations
Thephenomenoninlearningthatstateswearebetterabletorememberinformationifitispairedwithsomethingwearefamiliarwithorotherwisestandsout.
Attachment
Thestrongbondachildformswithhisorherprimarycaregiver.
Attribution
Anideaorbeliefabouttheetiologyofacertainbehavior.
AttributionTheory
Thetheorythatarguespeoplelookforexplanationofbehavior,associatingeitherdispositional(internal)attributesorsituational(external)attributes.
Authoritarian[parents]
Parentingstylefocusedonexcessiverules,rigidbeliefsystems,andtheexpectationofunquestionedobedience.
Authoritative[parents]
Parentingstylefocusedonsettingreasonablerulesandexpectationswhileencouragingcommunicationandindependence.
AutonomicNervousSystem
Partoftheperipheralnervoussystemthatregulatestheinvoluntaryactionsofthebody(e.g.,breathing,heartrate,bloodpressure,pupildilation).AlsoregulatestheFightorFlightPhenomenon.
AvailabilityHeuristic
Aruleofthumbstatingthatinformationmorereadilyavailableinourmemoryismoreimportantthaninformationnotaseasilyaccessible.
AversionTherapy
Atypeofbehavioraltreatmentwhereanaversivestimuliispairedwithanegativebehaviorinhopesthatthebehaviorwillchangeinthefuturetoavoidtheaversivestimuli.
Avoidance-AvoidanceConflict
Theconflictwherebothpossiblechoiceshaveanequalnegativeoutcome.
Axon
Thetail-likepartoftheneuronthroughwhichinformationexitsthecell.
B
BehaviorModification
Theapplicationofbehavioraltheorytochangeaspecificbehavior.
BehaviorTherapy
Theapplicationofbehavioraltheory(e.g.conditioning,reinforcement)inthetreatmentofmentalillness.
Behaviorism
Theschoolofpsychologyfoundedonthepremisethatbehaviorismeasurableandcanbechangedthroughtheapplicationofvariousbehavioralprinciples.
Bell-ShapedCurve
Alsoreferredtoasanormaldistributionornormalcurve,abell-shapedcurveisaperfectmesokurticcurvewherethemean,median,andmodeareequal.
Beta(uppercase)
AbbreviationforPowerinstatisticalresults.SeeTypeIIError.(b)
BinocularCues
Visualcues(convergenceandretinaldisparity)thatrequirebotheyestoperceivedistance(asopposedtomonocularcues)
Bisexuality
Beingattractedtoorarousedbymembersofbothgenders.SeeSexualOrientation.
BlindStudy
Asawaytoavoidtheplaceboeffectinresearch,thistypeofstudyisdesignedwithoutthesubject'sknowledgeoftheanticipatedresultsandsometimeseventhenatureofthestudy.Thesubjectsaresaidtobe'blind'totheexpectedresults.
Broca’sAphasia
AnaphasiaassociatedwithdamagetotheBroca'sareaofthebrain,demonstratedbytheimpairmentinproducingunderstandablespeech.
Burnout
Changesinthoughts,emotions,andbehaviorasaresultofextendedjobstressandunrewardedrepetitionofduties.Burnoutisseenasextremedissatisfaction,pessimism,loweredjobsatisfaction,andadesiretoquit.
C
CanonicalCorrelation
AcorrelationaltechniqueusedwhentherearetwoormoreXandtwoormoreY.(Example:
Thecorrelationbetween(ageandsex)and(incomeandlifesatisfaction)
CastrationAnxiety
AccordingtoFreud'sStagesofPsychosexualDevelopment,thefearaboyinthephallicstageexperiencesduetoafearthathisfatherwillrenderhimpowerlessifhisfatherfindsoutabouthisattractiontowardhismother.
Catharsis
Theemotionalreleaseassociatedwiththeexpressionofunconsciousconflicts.
CEEBScore
Astandardscorethatsetsthemeantofive-hundredandstandarddeviationtoone-hundred.UsedontheScholasticAptitudeTest(SAT)
CellBody
Themainpartofaneuronwheretheinformationisprocessed.
CentralNervousSystem
Thebrainandthespinalcord.
CentralTendency
Astatisticalmeasurementattemptingtodepicttheaveragescoreinadistribution(seemean,median,and/ormode)
Centration
Ayoungchild'stendencytofocusonlyonhisorherownperspectiveofaspecificobjectandafailuretounderstandthatothersmayseethingsdifferently.
Cerebellum
Partofthebrainassociatedwithbalance,smoothmovement,andposture.
CerebralHemispheres
Thetwohalvesofthebrain(rightandleft)
ChemicalImbalance
Agenerictermfortheideathatchemicalinthebrainareeithertooscarceortooabundantresultinginorcontributingtoamentaldisordersuchasschizophreniaorbipolardisorder.Othersbelievethatthedisorderprecedestheimbalance,suggestingthatachangeinmood,forexample,changesourchemicalsratherthanthechemicalchangingourmood.
Chunk
Aunitofinformationusedinmemory
Chunking
Combiningsmallerunitsofmeasurementorchunksintolargerchunks.(e.g.,asevenchunkphonenumbersuchas5-5-5-1-2-1-2becomesafivechunknumbersuchas5-5-5-12-12)
ClassicalConditioning
Thebehavioraltechniqueofpairinganaturallyoccurringstimulusandresponsechainwithadifferentstimulusinordertoproducearesponsewhichisnotnaturallyoccurring.
ClientCenteredTherapy
AhumanistictherapybasedonCarlRoger'sbeliefsthatanindividualhasanunlimitedcapacityforpsychologicalgrowthandwillcontinuetogrowunlessbarriersareplacedintheway.
CoefficientofDetermination
Thestatisticornumberdeterminedbysquaringthecorrelationcoefficient.Representstheamountofvarianceaccountedforbythatcorrelation.
CoercivePower
Powerderivedthroughtheabilitytopunish.
Cognition
Theprocessofreceiving,processing,storing,andusinginformation.
CognitiveBehavioralTherapy
Treatmentinvolvingthecombinationofbehaviorism(basedonthetheoriesoflearning)andcognitivetherapy(basedonthetheorythatourcognitionsorthoughtscontrolalargeportionofourbehaviors).
CognitiveDissonance
herealizationofcontradictionsinone'sownattitudesandbehaviors.
CognitivePsychology
Thesub-fieldofpsychologyassociatedwithinformationprocessingandtheroleitplaysinemotion,behavior,andphysiology.
CognitiveTherapy
Thetreatmentapproachbasedonthetheorythatourcognitionsorthoughtscontrolalargepartofourbehaviorsandemotions.Therefore,
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- 心理学 名词解释