完整版新编语用学教程课后答案.docx
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完整版新编语用学教程课后答案.docx
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完整版新编语用学教程课后答案
Introduction
[checkyourunderstanding]
1.fSyntaxandsemanticseachhavetheirownstrengths.
2.fPragmaticsisalsointerestedinhowlanguageuseaffectsthelanguagesystem.
3.t
4.f
5.t
In-ClassActivities
1.ASK
(1)Yes,he’scoming.
(2)Yes.[No,heisn’tcoming]
(3)HisknowledgeaboutwhetherPatlikescognitivelinguisticsornot.
2.
(1)a.JohnisobviouslynotHitler.ThereisonlyoneHitlerintheworld.
b.Golfasaninanimateobjectcan’tplayahumanbeing(John).
c.Itisacaseoftautologythatconveysnonewinformation.
d.“Idea”doesn’thavecolorandcan’tsleepsinceitisinanimate.Thewholesentencedoesn’tmakesense.
(2)a.itcanbeusedforcommunicationinacontextwhereJohnsharessomepersonalitywithHitler.
b.whenJohnisapoorplayerofgolf.
c.inacontextwhereacertainboyhasdonesomethingwrong(outofnaughtiness).
(3)whenthesentenceisusedinpoetrytopersonalizetheword"idea".
3.
(1)a.Inanentranceofapark.
b.Intherestroomofsomepublicplaceslikeanairport.
a.Peopleareforbiddentobringdogsintothepark.
b.Thisplaceisforadultstochangeinfantdiapers.
4.
(1)Herethespeakerwantstoexpresshiscomplaintthatthecouplearetalkingtooloudly(andtheimplicitrequestforthemtostoptalking).
(2)Bysayingso,theyoungmanwantstoconveytheirrefusalto“my”request.
Thebackgroundknowledgeweneedisthatsinceitisusuallyimpolitetolistentootherpeople’privateconversation,itisnormalthat“I”can’thearaword(thusthecouplecancontinuetheirtalk).
5.
(1)Thisnoticeimpliesthatallthosewhojumptheredlightareuncivilized,whateverthereason.
(2)讲卫生的人不会随便吐痰。
6.
(1)Thisisanadvertisementforaholidayinnanditsfoodissodeliciousthatitcanmakethecustomer’swifejealous.The“Frenchtoast”probablymeansatypeofspecialtyprovidedbythisholidayinn.
(2)C:
你去哪里?
吃饭了没?
E:
Howareyou?
How’severythinggoing?
7.
(1)Hemeanshedoesn’tspeakFrench.
(2)Russianmajorsdon’tspeakFrench.
(3)Yes.Ithelpstoindicateanegativeanswer.
8.
(1)a.Heuses“that”undertheassumptionthathismomknowswhichletterisbeingreferredto.
b.Heusesanimperativesentencetoaskhermothertoclosethewindow,whichisimpolite.
(2)Johnny:
Mom,PingPingiscomingtovisitusthisafternnoon.
Mother:
WhoisPingPing?
(3)Wang:
It’snotmyfault,isit?
Li:
Yes.
-----------------
Nativespeaker:
Hi,youlookgood.
Zhang:
Notgood,notgoodatall.
ExercisesTask3.
1. whenwegetsomeonetodosomething,wetendtominimizetheefforttobeinvolved,butwhenwecomplainwetendtoexaggeratethecomplaint.Peoplewanttobepolitebymitigating(缓解,减轻,平静)theimposition,whichisface-threatening.
2.Thefirstimperativeisageneralgrammaticalform,butthesecond,thoughstillanimperative,canbeusedtosoundmorepolitebecauseoftheadditionof"willyou"
3.(intheoffice)
Boss:
Cometomyofficelater.
Clerk:
Yes,sir.
--------
(duringtheafternoontea)
Boss:
Howisyourdad,Tom?
Clerk:
He’sfine.Thanks,Pat.
4.Hewantstosuggestthathedidnotbreakthewindowbecausehewasengagedwith(?
)insomethingelseinotherplaces.
5.InthenovelTheCatcherintheRye,Holden,amiddleschoolstudentalwaysbreaksthepragmaticconventionsandinthatwayshowshisrebellion.
6.WhileweteachEnglishtoChinesestudents,wenotonlyimpartlinguisticinformation(phonetics,phonology,morphology,andsyntaxofEnglish)butalsopragmaticinformation(appropriateuseofEnglishindynamiccontext).Forinstance,howwecanusethequestiontag(反了?
tagquestions)tosoundmoretentativeandbepolite.
Unit1
[Checkyourunderstanding]
1.f ThatistheviewheldbyJohnAustinintheearlystage.
2.f Implicitperformativeutterancesdonothaveaperformativeverb.
3.f
4.f Thecompletionoftheperlocutionaryactrequirestheaddressee’scooperation.
5.t
In-ClassActivities
1.
(1)Ifyou’veeversaid“Ipromise”or“Iapologize”,youhaveperformedthoseactionsbythesimpleactofsayingthem.But“Iknow”and“Ibelieve”aredeclarative.Sayingthemdoesnotbringaboutanyimmediatechangeinthebelieforknowledgeofthespeaker.
(2)a.Iwishyouagreatsuccess.
IadmitI’mwrong.
b.Imisunderstandyourpoint.
Iseewhatyoumean.
(3)Yes.Forexample,whenwesay“我在这里向你道歉”,weareperformingtheactofapologizing.(?
)
2.
(1)“Afullapology”heremeansawhollyperformativeutteranceofapologylike“WeapologizetotheChinesegovernmentandtheChinesepeople”.Indeed,“sorry”isnotaperformativeverb.
(2)Tosomeextent,“sorry”canimplicitlyperformtheactofapology.
3.
(1)Thekidnapperintendstoperformtheactsofthreateningandrequiring.
(2)Hewantstomakehiswordssoundlikeanadviceinsteadofathreatening.
4.
(1)a.locutionaryact:
theactofverballysaying“Todayisnotafreeadmissionday”.
illocutionaryact:
itimplicitlyrequirespeopletopaytheadmissionfee.
perlocutionaryact:
peoplepaytheadmissionfee(ifatall).
b.locutionaryact:
theactofverballysaying“Thankyouforyourgenerousdonationandyoursupport”.
illocutionaryact:
itimplicitlyurgespeopletodonate.
perlocutionaryact:
peopledonatemoney(ifatall).
a' "Admissionfeerequiredtoday"
b’ "Weexpectyourgenerousdonationandyoursupport"
Thefirstischosentobelessimposing.Thesecondischosentoattractpeople’sdonation.
5.
(1)No,itisnotaverdictive.Itisjustanadvertisementfroms(a)hotelwhosenamehappenstobe“Jurys”.
(2)Theproprietorplaysagameofwordstoattractcustomers.
Exercises
Task3
1.
a.constative?
locution:
“Nosmokinginthisarea”.Illocution:
Forbiddingpeoplefromsmokinghere.Perlocution:
Peopledonotsmokehere.
b.constative.Locution:
“Ticketpassengersonly”.Illocution:
Askingpassengerstobuyticketsiftheywantto(enterthemuseum).Perlocution:
Passengersbuyticketstoenterthemuseum.
c.constative.Locution:
“Tokenvendingmachine”.Illocution:
Informingthepublicofthefactthattheycanbuytokensthroughthismachine.Perlocution:
Peoplebuytokensthroughthismachine(ifatall).
2.
Yes.Itsolvestheproblemthatconstativescanindeedberegardedasimplicitwaysofdoingthings.Thus,allutterancesare“performative”inessence.
Yes,Iagree.SupposeAsaidtoB“it’sstuffyhere”.TheactualeffectmaybethatAisunderstoodtobecomplaining,buttheintendedeffectisthatsomeoneshouldopenthewindoworthedooranditmaybringBtoperformtheactinsteadoflettinghimjustlistentoA’scomplaint.
3.
(1)a,
(2)a,and(3)aareperformativeutterancesandcanstandthetest“hereby”.However,in
(1)b,
(1)cand
(2)b,
(2)c,“know”,“think”,“amuse”and“flatter”arenotperformativeverbs.In(3)b,thethirdpersonsubjectisused.In(3)c,simplepasttenseisused.
4.Bothverdictivesandexertivesinvolveademonstrationofpowers,rights,orinfluence.However,verdictiveshavetheillocutionaryforceofissuingaformalorofficialjudgmentandgivingaverdict,whileexertivesinvolvemakingdecisionsinfavoroforagainstacertaincourseofaction,oradvocacyofit.
5.Theseutterancesarenottrueorfalse,thatis,nottruth-evaluable.Theutteringofthemonformaloccasionsisorispartofthedoingofacertainkindofaction,theperformanceofwhich,again,wouldnotnormallybedescribedasjust“saying”or“describing"something(cf.Austin1962,5).
e.g.
“Thismeetingisnowadjourned.”
“Thecourtisnowinsession.”
“Thischurchisherebyde-sanctified.”批准,认可,使合法化
Unit2
[Checkyourunderstanding]
1.f Itiscriticizedaslackingcriteriaforclassification.
2.f Thehearerisheldresponsible.
3.f
4.t
5.f
In-ClassActivities
1.
(1)No,theyareessentiallydirectives.
(2) “你能帮我还书吗,谢谢哦。
”
“We’llbeverygratefulforyourpresence.”
(3)Becausetheyexpectotherpeople’scomplianceinsteadofrefusals.Onefeelsindebted感激的,受惠的,蒙恩的ifonedoesnotcomplywiththerequest.
2.
(1)Commissives
(2)Yes.Thesecondpromiseisachievedwithaconditionwhichmayturnthepromise(acommissive)intoarequirement(adirective).
3.
(1)No.Utteranceaisathreat.Utterancebinvolvessomethingthatthespeakercannotxcontrol.Utterancecdescribessomethinginthepastratherthansomethingthatthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utterancedinvolvesanactthatthehearerratherthanthespeakerwilldointhefuture.Utteranceehasathirdpersonasthesubject.Utterancefisastatementaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast.
(2)a.propositionalcontentcondition(whatissaidisaboutsomethingthatthespeakerhasdonewrongly);b.sinceritycondition(thespeakerisseriousorsincereinmakingtheapology;c.preparatoryconditions(e.g.thepersonwhoisapologizingshouldhavemademistakes)d.essentialcondition(bothsidesunderstandthatwhatthespeakersaysisanapology).
Zhang:
这件事你不应这样处理的。
Li:
好嘛,算我错了行了吧。
[wherethespeakerisnotsincere]
4.
(1)Thecustomerwhenhesaysthereisaflyinmysoup(whichismeanttobeacomplaint).
(2)Becausesayingthatcannormallyattractthewaiter’sattentionandthewaiterknowswhattodoinacontextlikethis.
Yes.Sometimes,wespeakindirectlytosaveourorothers’face.
(3)Yes,Iagreewithher.Hearingthecustomer’swords,thewaitermaynottakeitseriously(ifheisnotjoking).
5.
(1)TheroleoftheunderlinedpartisexplainingthereasonoftherefusalsothatAndywillacceptJack’srefusalmorereadily.
Notnecessarily.Awhiteliealsodoesthesametrick.
(2)a.Callingonpeopletosavewater.
b.Denyingpeopletherighttoparkhere.
The“irrelevant”informationisused
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