句子结构常见错误.docx
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句子结构常见错误.docx
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句子结构常见错误
句子结构常见错误
SentenceStructureProblems
英语句子是受严格的语法规则制约的,在写作中如果违背这些规则,
那么写出的句子就会使人无法理解,或引起歧义。
要想避免发生这
些情况,在写作时就必须处理好句子结构方面的几个问题。
我们对
常犯的写作错误进行了归纳。
残缺句、接排句、误置修饰语和悬垂
修饰语是句子结构中最常见的错误。
我将对这些问题逐一进行分析,
以帮助大家弄清写作中出现这些问题的原因,并掌握纠正错误的方法
残缺句(SentenceFragments)
所谓残缺句,顾名思义,就是指不能独立成句的一个不完整的
句子片断。
尽管残缺句在形式上像句子一样是以大写字母开头,
并在结尾处带有标点,然而在逻辑上并不能单独表达一个完整
的意思,仅是一组词而已。
请看下列句子:
FragmentWonderingwhathissonwasgoingtodo.
RevisedSentenceMr.Smithhadbeenwonderingwhathissonwas
goingtodo.
FragmentSomeerrorsinwritingareserious.Forexample,
fragmentsandrun—onsentences.
RevisedSentencesSomeerrorsinwritingareserious,forexample,
fragmentsandrun—onsentences.
ORSomeerrorsinwritingareserious,amongwhichare
fragmentsandrun-onsentences
虽然句子的残缺以各种形式出现,但最常见的形式是被分隔开的从句
和以各种形式拆开的短语,如句号错误(periodfault)。
Fragments
Havingdrivenacrossthedesert.Weenjoyedthecoolweather.
Heenjoysflowersandshrubs.Whichhelpscreenhisyardfrom
thestreet.
RevisedSentences
Havingdrivenacrossthedesert,weenjoyedthecoolweather.
Heenjoysflowersandshrubs,whichhelpscreenhisyard
fromthestreet.
0R
Heenjoysflowersandshrubs.Theyhelpscreenhisyardfrom
thestreet.
在写作中要经常检查句子的残缺问题,特别要注意那些以从属
连词或短语等开头的句子,这些词都是“危险词”。
要确定以这
些词开始的每个从句,都应附属于一个独立的句子。
避免残缺句的最好办法是注意区别句子和句子的一部分。
我们
知道句子的最基本特点是在语法和逻辑上是一个完整的意义表
达单位。
它至少具有一个主语和谓语。
动词的非限定形式不能
在句中作为谓语单独使用,除非是在如Wheretogotonight?
简
短的问句中。
因此在写句子时要特别注意。
改写残缺句主要有以下两种方法:
1将句中用的句号变成逗号,或把分隔开的短语或从句同它所属
的句子合并成一个能表达完整意思的句子。
例如:
Fragments
Sincethereisalackofinterest.Thereisagreatlackofinformation.
Youshouldmakeadeterminedefforttoavoidsentencefragments.
Becausetheyareconsideredseriousmistakesinwriting.
Ilookforwardtoholidays.Forexample,Thanksgivingand
Christmas.
RevisedSentences
Sincethereisalackofinterest,thereisagreatlackofinformation.
Youshouldmakeadeterminedefforttoavoidsentencefragments
becausetheyareconsideredseriousmistakesinwriting.
Ilookforwardtoholidays,forexample,Thanksgivingand
Christmas.
2)把残缺句扩展到主句中,或通过添加或减少某些成分。
把残缺
改写为独立、完整的句子。
例如:
Fragments
Iaminterestedonlyinthepropertiesofcitrusfruit.Suchas
lemons,oranges,andgrapefruit.
Havingnomoneyandbeinglonelyinthebigcity.
Itwasdifficulttodecide.whichchoicetomake.Toreturntoschoolortoacceptthejob.
RevisedSentences
Iaminterestedonlyinthepropertiesofcitrusfruit.Examplesare
lemons,oranges,andgrapefruit.
Havingnomoneyandbeinglonelyinthebigcity,thewomen
committedsuicide.
Itwasdifficulttodecidewhethertoreturntoschoolortoaccept
thejob.
Directions:
Trytorevisethefollowingfragmentsinoneormorethan
oneway.
1.Becausesomestudentshavepart-timejobsinadditiontogoing
toschool
2.Thetablewascoveredwithfreshvegetables.Suchaslettuce,
carrots,spinach,andsquash.
3.Joetriestocallhomeonceaweek.Tobeintouchwithhisfamily
4.Hemadeapointofenteringeachmisspelledwordinanotebook.Which
hekeptforthatpurpose.
5.Itwasawonderfulweek.Fishingandswimmingeverydayanddancing
everynight.
Revisedsentences
1.Becausesomestudentshavepart-timejobsinadditiontofull-time
classwork,theyhaveverylittlefreetime.
2.Thetablewascoveredwithfreshvegetablessuchaslettuce,carrots,
spinachandsquash.
3.Joetriestocallhomeonceaweektokeepintouchwithhisfamily.
4.Hemadeapointofenteringeachmisspelledwordinanotebook,
whichhekeptforthatpurpose.
5.Itwasawonderfulweek.Wewentfishingandswimmingevery
dayanddancingeverynight.
OR:
Itwasawonderfulweek.Wefishedandswameverydayand
dancedeverynight.
2.接排句(Run-onSentence)
所谓接排句就是两个或更多的句子混合交织在一起,而没有正确
的标点符号标明它们之间关系的句子。
这样的句子,意思含混不
清,使读者不能理解各部分之间的关系。
接排句有两种形式:
一是
融合句(fusedsentence),即在句子之间没有标点符号和句间连接词;
另一种更为常见的形式是逗号连接(commasplice),即没有并列连
词,只用逗号代替分号和句号,把两个完整的意思连接起来.请看
例句:
FusedSentences
1.Thegirlsscoredhigherinmaththeboysscoredhigherinverbalskills.
2.Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryonetheyare
essentialforthehearing-impaired.
CommaSplices
1.Educationisanelusiveword,itoftenmeansdifferentthings
todifferentpeople.
2.HikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationatYellowstoneNational
Park,theparkconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry.
改正接排句的基本方法可根据句子之间的不同关系分为以下5种
1.用句号分隔。
当长句或两个句子之间的关系不是很密切或毫无
关系时,可使用这种方法。
例如:
RevisedSentences
Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath.Theboysscoredhigherinverbalskills.
Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone.They
areessentialforthehearing-impaired.
Educationisanelusiveword.Itoftenmeansdifferentthingsto
differentpeople.
HikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationatYellowstoneNational
Park.Theparkconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry
2用分号隔开。
用分号连接两个独立的分句时,它们之间的关系
在意义和语法结构上比起使用句号时,关系较紧密。
RevisedSentences
Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath;theboysscoredhigherin
verbalskills.
Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone;they
areessentialforthehearing—impaired.
Educationisanelusiveword;itoftenmeansdifferentthings
todifferentpeople.
HikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationatYellowstoneNational
Park;theparkconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry.
3使用并列连词连接。
当接排的句子之间关系紧密,容易辨别且
合乎逻辑时,可以借助并列连词来连接,通常在这些连词前要
加上逗号。
RevisedSentences
Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath,and/buttheboysscored
higherinverbalskills.
Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone,but
theyareessentialforthehearing—impaired.
Educationisanelusiveword,foritoftenmeansdifferent
thingstodifferentpeople.
YellowstoneNationalParkconsistsoftwomillionacresof
backcountry,andhikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacation
there.
4使用连接副词连接。
根据作者的意图和句子的需要。
接排的句
子可以使用连接副词来连接。
这时,句子之间要用分号。
在连
接副词的后面还要加逗号,但是一般在单音节的连词后不加逗
号。
如so,yet。
thus等.
RevisedSentences
Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath;however,theboysscoredhigher
inverbalskills.
Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone;neverthe1ess,
theyareessentialforthehearing-impaired.
Educationisanelusiveword;indeed,itoftenmeansdifferent
thingstodifferentpeople.
YellowstoneNationalParkconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry;
therefore,hikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationthere.
5.使用从属连词、关系副词或关系代词连接.当可以判断出一个
句子从逻辑上或意义上从属于另一个句子时,可以将此接排句
改写成复合句。
RevisedSentences
Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath,whiletheboysscoredhigher
inverbalskills.
Althoughgesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone,
theyareessentialforthehearing-impaired.
Thepowerfailurecausedablackoutwhichcreatedalotof
problems.
HikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationatYellowstoneNational
Park,whichconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry
Directions:
Revisethefollowingrun-onsentences
1.Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymale
professionstheyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorsto
desirablecareerpaths.
2.Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown,allthe
tablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.
3.Ericwaslatetoworkheranalltheway.
Revisedsentences
1.Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymale
professions,fortheyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoors
todesirablecareerpaths.
OR:
Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymale
professions;theyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorsto
desirablecareerpaths.
OR:
Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymale
professions.Theyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorsto
desirablecareerpaths.
OR:
Becausewomenhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorsto
desirablecareerpaths,theynolongerneedtomoveintothe
traditionallymaleprofessions.
2.Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown.
AllthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.
OR:
Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown,but
allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.
OR:
Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown;
however,allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoat
Festival.
OR:
Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown;all
thetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.
OR:
AlthoughIcalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantin
town,allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival.
3.Ericwaslatetowork,soheranalltheway.
or:
Ericranalltheway;otherwise,hecouldhavebeenlateto
work.
or:
BecauseEricwaslatetowork,heranalltheway.
or:
Ericranallthewaybecausehewaslatetowork.
or:
Ericwaslatetoworkalthoughheranalltheway.
Directions:
Identifyandcorrectseriouserrors(suchasfragments·
fusedsentencesandcommasplices)ineachofthefollowing.
1.Withouttellinganyone,evenhersister,Mary,goingtothe
park,meetingherfriends.
2.Thephysicsproblemswerejustimpossible,theytookalldaytodo·
3.Thatthecoursewassohardweallstudieddayandnight,withno
onegettinganAoraB.
4.Iknockedon/atthedoorwhentheladycameIgavehermostin-
gratiatingsmile.
5.Whydoyouaskwhatconcernisitofyours?
6.Gettingmarriediseasy,stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.
7.Michelletriedeachoftheappetizersonthetable.Andthenfound
that,whenthedinnerarrived,herappetitehadgone·
8.Shedidn’tknowwhattosaytohisannouncement,shewasnotat
acompletelossforwords,either.
Revisedsentences
1.Withouttellinganyone,notevenhersister,Marywenttothe
parktomeetherfriends.
2.Thephysicsproblemswerejustimpossible;therefore,theytook
alldaytodo.
3.Thecoursewassohardthatweallstudieddayandnigh
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