定语从句.docx
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定语从句.docx
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定语从句
高考英语语法复习之定语从句
定语从句考查的重点是关系副词与关系代词的区分及“介词+关关系代词”型的定语从句,其中对as,which,whose用法的考查也比较多。
考查方式由知识结构的单一性向综合性、交叉性转变;由重点考查关系代词向“介词+关系代词”以及关系副词转变。
学习时尤其要注意以下两种定语从句:
1.使用where而非“地点”型定语从句。
定语从句的先行词是mark,situation,case,point,scene,business等名词而且从句缺少状语时,要使用where表示“一种特定的……情况”或“一个特定的……场合”。
2.“分裂”型定语从句。
即运用插入语、介词、副词短语等手段使先行词远离关系代词或关系副词。
2014年对定语从句考查将会继续遵循上述考点。
定语从句
1.Thestudents(whodon’tstudyhard)willnotpasstheexam.
先行词定语从句
主句:
2.Thewoman(whomyousawinthepark)isourEnglishteacher.
先行词定语从句
主句:
引导定语从句的关系代词常见的有that,which,who,whom等。
关系代词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的一个成份。
Theman(that/whotoldusafunnystory)isinthenextroom.
归纳:
that,即指人又指物,作主语或宾语。
which,指物,作主语或宾语。
who,whom指人,who作主语,whom作宾语。
that,which,whom在定语从句中作宾语时,可省去。
1)Aplaneisamachine________canfly.
2)Thecar____________________myuncleboughtlastweekwasstolen.
3)Thestudents________________don’tstudyhardwillnotpasstheexam.
4)Thewoman_______yousawintheparkisourEnglishteacher.
5)Hetalkedhappilyaboutthemenandbooks______________interestedhimgreatlyintheschool.
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,它的作用相当于一个形容词。
定语从句通常位于它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词为关系代词或关系副词。
关系代词在定语从句中可作主语、宾语和定语;关系副词在定语从句中只作状语。
1、先行词注意被定语从句所修饰的先行词的特点,即是人还是物,以及将要在定语从句中所充当的成分。
如:
Thestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasmyfriend.(先行词是student在定语从句中充当主语)
Thegirlyoumetjustnowismysister.(先行词是girl在定语从句中作宾语)
2.关系代词、关系副词
引导定语从句的关系代词、关系副词,代替先行词在定语从句中充当成分。
在定语从句中能作主语的关系代词有who,that,which其中who用于指人,which用于指物,that既可指人也可指物。
关系代词只用that不用which的情况:
(1)先行词有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
如:
ThefirstplacethatwevisitedwastheGreatWall.
Thisisthebestfilmthathaseverbeenmade.
(2)先行词前有only,few,little,right,any,all,one等修饰时。
Theonlyfurniture(that)hehadintheroomwasachairandasmalldesk.Thereislittletimethatwecanuse.
(3)先行词是不定代词some,all,anything,little,much,something,everything,nothing,none等时。
Thatisall(that)Iwanttosay.
Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?
(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
Theytalkedaboutpersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedintheschool.
(5)以who,whom提起的特殊疑问句中。
Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?
(6)在therebe或therelive结构中先行词指物。
ThereisabookonthedeskthatIamveryinterestedin.
(7)先行词指物在主句中作表语。
Isthisthebookthatyouborrowedinthelibrary?
(8)在way(指方法)后面常用that代替howinwhich或省略。
Thatwastheway(that)hedidit.
(9)time(表示次数)前有序数词修饰。
ThatwasthelasttimethatImether.
只能使用which的情况。
1、非限制性定语从句中。
eg.Maryhasabook,whichisveryprecious.
2、在介词之后。
eg.Thisisahouseinwhichlivesanoldman.
3、当主句中的主语被that修饰时。
eg.ThatdogwhichIfoundinthestreetbelongstoMary.
只用who的情况。
(1)先行词为those指人
Thosewhowanttogothereraiseyourhands.
(2)therebe(live)结构中先行词指人
Thereisayoungmanoutsidewhoasksforyou.
Therelivedakingwhowaskindtohispeople.
(3)先行词为指人的不定代词one,anyone,noone,all,nobody,anybody,none等
Anyonewhobrokethewindowwouldbepunished.
Weshouldlearnfromtheonewhobenefitsus.
修饰人时关系代词that和who,whom的区分。
当主句中的主语是who时,只能用that。
Whoisthegirlthatisstandingoverthere?
在非限制性定语从句中以及介词后面时只能用who或者whom。
Ihaveason,whoisreallylovelyandinteresting.
Thereare40studentsintheclass,mostofwhomareboys.
关系代词whose既能修饰人,也能修饰物,在定语从句中充当定语,修饰先行词。
SheisthegirlwhoseEnglishsoundsverybeautiful.
Maryhasaverygooddog,whosehairturnsoutwhiteandblack.
关系代词as的用法及其与which的区别。
关系代词as在定语从句中指代整件事,充当句中的主语或者宾语,它经常和thesame,such,as一起搭配使用,共同构成一个固定词组。
Asweallknow,heisafamousscientist.
Heisadiligentboy,asisexpected.
Shehasthesamebookasyouhave.
关系代词as可以放在句子的开头,可以使用被动语态,而关系代词which则不可以。
as有“正如”之意,which有“这,这一点”之意。
请比较:
Aseveryoneknows,itisnecessarytobuildahospitalinthissmalltown.
Itisnecessarytobuildahospitalinthissmalltown,whichiscleartous.
Ourdepartmentwillholdthemeeting,asisknownbyus.
关系副词when,where,why的用法
以及与关系代词的区分。
1、关系副词在定语从句中只能充当状语,当一个句子能够完整地表达一个意思时,我们就可以给这个句子加上特定的关系副词。
Iwon’tforgetthetimewhenIgotmarried.
Haveyoustillrememberthedayswhenwestayedtogether?
Thisistheplacewherewehadagoodtime.
IsthisthehousewhereMr.Smithlives?
Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhewon’tjoinus.
Doyouknowthereasonwhyhedidn’tcometosweeptheclassroom?
2、关系副词when,where和关系代词that,which的区分。
同样是修饰一个地点,有时使用where,有时使用that/which;同样是修饰一个时间,有时使用when,有时使用that/which。
这主要看两点:
一是定语从句是否完整;二是定语从句中的谓语动词是否是一个及物动词。
请比较以下句子:
Thisistheparkwevisitedlastyear.
Thisistheparkweheldabirthdayparty.
Shewon’tforgetthedaysshespentontheisland.
Shewon’tforgetthedaystheystayedtogether.
That’sthedatewewenttothecollege.
That’sthedateshewon’tforgetforever.
Ilikethetimewelivedtogether.
Ilikethetimewehadtogether.
3、关系副词when,where,why和介词+which之间的关系。
关系副词when,where,why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。
如:
when=in/on/at…+which,where=in/on/at…+which,why=for+which
介词的位置非常灵活,有时放在关系代词之前,有时放在动词之后。
1.Iwon’tforgetthedatewhen(which)Iwasborn.
2.Thisistheroomwhere(which)Ilived.=ThisistheroomwhichIlivedin.
3.Idon’tknowthereasonwhy(which)hehaven’tcometoday.
4.Tomstillremembersthedayswhen(which)theylivedinTianjin.
Exercises
Fillintheblankswithappropriaterelativepronounsandadverbs.
1.Isthistheroom____youcleanedlasttime?
2.Isthistheroom______welivedbefore?
3.Thisisthegarden______theystayedforanight.
4.Thisisthegarden_______theyvisitedlasttime.
5.Tomhasforgottentheday______helefthishome.
6.Tomhasforgottentheday______Itoldhimlastday.
7.Shestillrememberstheyear____shefoundherfirstjob.
8.Shestillrememberstheyear_____shespentinJining.
“介词+关系代词”如何判断介词
1、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配
Heistheman_____whomIthinkyoucandepend.
2、根据先行词判断,所用的介词与先行词搭配
Therate_at_whichwildanimalsarebeingdestroyedhasincreased.
Thisisourclassroom,_inthefrontofwhichthereisateacher’sdesk.
3、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配
Hereferredmetosomereferencebooks______whichIamnotveryfamiliar.
Dolphinsmightbetrainedtocooperatewithfishermenandhelpthembyfindingorevencatchingfish,______allofwhichactivitiesdolphinsareexpert.
4、名词/代词/数词+of+which/whom
Thecommitteeconsistsof20members,5of_______arewomen.
Thebookcontains50poems,mostof________waswrittenin1930s.
Therearetwoleft,oneof_______isalmostfinished,andtheotherof_______isnotquite.
Ihaveasentence,themeaningof_______Idon’tunderstand.
关系代词前介词的确定
1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系,请体会:
e.g.Isthatthenewspaperforwhichyouoftenwritearticles?
2.根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配,如:
e.g.CanyouexplaintomehowtousetheseidiomsaboutwhichI’msure.
3.根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯,请体会:
e.g.1949wastheyearinwhichtheP.R.C.wasfounded.
4.非限制性定与从句中,要表示先行词的一部分时,可用“数词/代词+of+关系代词”的结构,如:
e.g.Thereare50studentsinourclass,two-thirdsofwhomhavebeentoBeijing.
5.Whose从句可转换为“of+关系代词”型,如:
e.g.Theyliveinahouse,whosedooropenstothesouth.
Theylivedinahouse,ofwhichthedooropenstothesouth.
Theylivedinahouse,thedoorofwhichopentothesouth.
Canyouworkthemout?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Fillintheblankswithproperprepositions:
1.Thesungivesusheatandlight,________whichwecan’tlive.
2.Thestudent________whomweweretalkingjustnowisthebeststudentinourclass.
3.I’llneverforgettheday_____whichshesaidgood-byetome.
4.Whocangivemethereason______whichhehasn’tturnedupyet?
Where引导的定语从句。
先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名词,用来引导定语从句,在从句中做状语。
Thisisthetownwhere(=inwhich)Ispentmychildhood.
Thetablewhere(=atwhich)sheissittingisanewone.
I’llshowyouthepaintwhereyoufailed.
When引导的定语从句。
先行词是表示时间的名词,用when引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。
I’llneverforgetthedaywhen(=onwhich)Imetyou.
Thiswasthetimewhen(=atwhich)heleftforBeijing.
Wewillputofftheoutinguntilnextweek,whenwewon’tbebusy.
why引导的定语从句。
先行词是表示原因的名词,用why引导定语从句。
Why在从句中作状语。
Thisisthereasonwhy(=forwhich)Ididn’tcomehere.
但是也要注意:
不是每句都能这样。
Thereason__________shegavewasnottrue.
whose引导的定语从句。
表示所属关系。
Theriver_________banksarecoveredwithtreesflowsintothesea.
Thereare20studentsinthisclass,______aredifferent.
A.whosebackgroundsB.thebackgroundsofwhom
C.ofwhomthebackgroundsD.thebackgroundsofwhose
注意1
若定语从句缺主语或谓语,用which或that引导定语从句。
Thelibrary________studentsoftenstudywasonfirelastnight.
Thelibrary,_______wasbuiltinthe1930s,needsrepairing.
Thelibrary________youvisitedyesterdaywasbuiltin1990.
注意2
区分where引导的定语从句和状语从句
Whenyoureadbooks,youhadbettermakeamarkatthespotwhereyouhaveanyquestions.
Whenyoureadbooks,youhadbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions.
I’llneverforgettheday_________wefirstmetinthepark.
I’llneverforgetthetime_________Ispentoncampus.
I’llneverforgetthetime__________wasspentwithyou.
as引导限制性定语从句时,先行词常有such和thesame修饰,as在从句中不省略。
as也常修饰整个句子,可放在句末,甚至句中或句首。
HehasboughtthesametypeofbikeasIhave.
Asweknow,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.
He,asweexpected,cametothepartyontime.
whose和ofwhom,ofwhich引导的定语从句
whose是一个表示所属关系的词,在定语从句中作定语,相当于my,his,her,its,their等修饰人或物。
ofwhich可以代替whose指物,词序一般是名词+ofwhich或ofwhich+名词。
ofwhom可以代替whose指人,词序是名词+ofwhom。
Helivesinapoorhouse,whosewindowsarebroken.
=Helivesinapoorhouse,thewindowsofwhicharebroken.他住在一个破房子里,窗子已破了。
RecentlyIboughtanancientvase,thepriceofwhich(=whoseprice)wasveryreasonable.
最近我买了个古代的花瓶,它的价钱很合理。
“介词+which/whom”中介词的确定
1.与定语从句中的动词构成搭配。
Theman(who/whom/that)ItalkedaboutatthemeetingisfromBeijingUniversity.
=ThemanaboutwhomItalkedatthe
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