托福阅读教学大纲.docx
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托福阅读教学大纲.docx
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托福阅读教学大纲
托福阅读
I.要求学生在作业要求之外每天一篇阅读练习,长期坚持。
II.分析选项改写的思路
III.考试时间策略
BASICSKILLS:
SKIMMING
SCANNING
INFERENCE
QUICKRESPONDING
ENIMILATING
OPERATINGPC
UnderstandingfactsanddetailsF&D
IdentifyingnegativefactsNEG
UnderstandingvocabularyincontextVOCAB
MakinginferencesINF
DeterminingpurposePRP
RecognizingparaphrasesPRPH
RecognizingcoherenceCOH
SummarizingimportantideasSM
OrganizinginformationOI
阅读基本原则:
1.文章结构观念,为总结题做准备
2.小定位,有目的阅读原则
3.读懂前后句,上下文原则
4.选项“关键点”验证原则
5.最佳答案原则,可能都不确信,但是选择对不怀疑的。
“两利相权取其重,两害相权取其轻。
”
陷阱类型
1.主被动
2.因果倒置
3.先后颠倒
4.正话反说
After1815,...→priorto1815
5.
单词题
1.构词法以及单词题
内容:
a.基本构词法---17页图片前缀解题原则exceptional-extraordinary;illuminate-light;heterogeneous-varied;proliferation-growth;superseded-replaced
构词法:
440题;
官方核心词汇400;
近义词总结归纳
“正负向”分析,前缀归类
最终只是解题线索,辅助手段
b.70%是基本含义,可以直接选;但是30%要依赖语境;所以保险的策略C
c.语境优先原则:
把单词带回文章,自己给出一个最接近的近义词;
然后用自己的理解词对应选项;
绝对不要先看选项,很可能“先入为主”,掉进陷阱;
即使自己对5个单词绝对有把握也一定要带回原文验证。
d.原文语境很可能有一个词语对应正确选项,这取决于文章逻辑呼应的思路,例如:
正确答案很可能是我们不熟悉的第二第三义项
Contextclues:
BE
Asupernovaisa...
OR
Theinclinationortiltoftheearth...
Askyscraper,orbuildingmorethantwentystorieshigh,...
APPOSITIVE
Thermalpowerstationsaredesignedtopassasmuchenergyaspossiblefromthefueltotheturbines,machineswhosebladesareturnedbythemovementofthesteam.
Adjectiveclauseorphrase
Thesuncrossestheequatortwiceayearattheequinoxes,whendayandnightsarenearlyequalinlength.
Prescribedfire,ignitedbyforestrangersundercontrolledconditionstorestorebalanceintheforest,isasafe
waytomimicnaturalfireconditions.
Theradiatingsurfaceofthesuniscalledthephotosphere,andjustaboveitisthechromosphere,whichis
visibletothenakedeyeonlyduringtotalsolareclipses,appearingthentobeapinkish——violetlayer.
LISTorSERIES
Becauseoftheirsimilarteeth,sealsandwalrusesarebelievedtohaveevolvedfromthesameancestral
groupsastheweasels,badgers,andothermustelids.
Ifsomeoneissaidtohave“achiponhisshoulder,”heisangry,pugnacious,sullen,andlookingfortrouble.
EXAMPLE
Forexample,forinstance,like,suchas
Severalpersonnelmanagerscomplainaboutthelagofbusinesscollegesineliminatingobsoleteskills.For
instance,shorthandisstilltaughtinmanysecretarialprogramsalthoughitisrarelyused.
Intangibleassets,suchasacompany'srecognizednameanditsgoodwill,areneitherphysicalnorfinancialin
nature.
CONTRAST
alternativelydifferentinsteadratherbuthoweverneverthelessunlike
converselyincontrastonthecontrarywhereasdespiteinspiteofontheotherhand
while
Forexample
1.Twilightraysarenearlyparallel,butbecauseoftheobserver'sperspective,theyappeartodiverge.
2.Songbirdsareearlyrisersandremainactivethroughouttheday,exceptduringthewarmesthoursin
summer.Owls,onthe0theFhand,areprimarilynocturnal.
Unlikesunpillars,whicharecausedbyreflectionoflight,arcsandhaloesarecausedbyrefractionoflight
throughicecrystals.
标点符号
;并列:
-,___,双逗号之间,(),解释
Example
Crepuscularrays--alternatingbrightanddarkraysinthesky―appeartoradiatefromthesun.
Virtuallyeverycommunitycollegenowofferscontracteducation:
short-termprograms,rangingfromafew
hourstoseveraldays,foremployeesofspecificcompanies,whichpaysashareofthecost.
Folatesupplementationbeforeandduringpregnancycanpreventcertaindefectsofthebrainandspine,
suchasanacephaly(absenceofamajorpartofthebrain).
e.KEYWORDS----cluefornewwords
Accessoriesaddinteresttoaroom.Theycanaccentorhighlightanareaandgivearoom,beautyand
personality.
Lightoutput,measuredinlumens,dependsontheamountofelectricityusedbyabulb.
f.排除法
g.“相同全舍”原则
h.相对概念,文中一般有对应表达
AbuHureyrawasfoundedabout9500B.C.,asmallvillagesettlementofcrampedpitdwellings(housesdugpartiallyinthesoil)withreedroofssupportedbywoodenuprights.
Q6Theword“cramped”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○primitive○secure○extended○confined
作业:
TPO18-24里面的单词题
遇到生词,老是“卡壳”
1.不要纠结,实在不认识,先跳过,不重要不看-科技型词汇
2.如果特别重要,结合前后单词理解
3.理解到哪类事物,正负态度即可
句子改写题-recognizingparaphrases
2.长难句以及句子改写题
A.出题理念:
快速抓住关键信息,理顺逻辑关系
B.表达特征:
paraphrasingwithsynonyms,sentencestructure,synonymsclues,pronounclues
OriginalSentence
Cultureconsistsofthelanguage,values,norms,andartifactsthatdefineanduniteasociety.
Thesecanbespreadfromonesocietytoanotherthroughculturecontact
Paraphrase
Contactwithotherculturesisawayofspreadinglanguage,values,norms,andartifacts.
OriginalSentence
Inl889.anAustrianPhysicistnamedErnstMachcreatedasystemofnumbersformeasuring‘'supersonic”
speeds.Thisiswhy,whenaplanetravelsataspeedfasterthanthespeedofsound,itsspeedisreferredtoas
Machl
Paraphrase
AplanemovingfasterthanthespeedofsoundhasaspeedofMach1,aftertheinventorofthenumbering
system.
C.长难句思路和练习题(自己的资料)
D.该题型思路总结:
A)只看本句
B)语法结构分析阅读法
C)长句分层次,短句找主干,
D)抓住关键信息点
E)
使用符号图解法:
ABC
F)重视标点符号,:
—()
G)理清关键信息之间的逻辑关系,例如因果,列举,转折,递进等,关注关联词和从句标志
H)正确选项:
原文关键信息不能省略掉,但可以概括;信息点之间的逻辑关系必须与原文一致;
I)近义词替代
J)错误选项:
忽略关键信息;关键信息错误(F);关键信息原文未提及(NG)
K)适当运用排除法,尤其针对原文又长又乱的题目
L)细节信息可以省略
Ifthewatertableintersectsthelandsurface,groundwaterwillflowoutontothesurfaceatsprings,eithertobecollectedthereortosubsequentlyflowfartheralongadrainage.
Wherethewatertablemeetsthelandsurface,groundwaterflowsoutthroughsurfacesprings.
M)
E.
内容及作业:
自己的资料
TPO18-24里面的句子改写题
3.事实细节题
A.题目问道文章中的一个细节,
事实:
真实发生-正在发生、已经发生、正确、有时是一个支持细节
细节:
比较具体的信息,例如事例,原因,统计数字,一段描写,一副插图
表达形式:
B.USEFULSKILLS:
SKIMMING
SCANNING
SCROLLING
C.TRANSITIONS
D.PARAPHRASING---分析选项改写的思路
改写方法
例子
同义词
Asameteorologicalterm,“eye”describesacircularregionatthecenterofaseverewindstorm.
Asameteorologicalconcept“eye”referstoaroundareainthemiddleofanextremewinddisturbance.
语态
主动/被动
Intheeyeofahurricane,youmayexperiencelight,variablewinds.
Intheeyeofahurricane,light,variablewindsmaybeexperienced.
词形或句子结构
Becausethisareaissosmallandirregular,itisdifficulttoobserve.
Peoplehavedifficultyobservingthissmallandirregulararea.
短语/分词结构
However,theeyeofahurricaneandtheeyeofatornadodifferinvariouswaysbasedonsizeandspeed.
However,theyofahurricaneandtheeyeofatornadodifferinvariouswaysbasedonhowbigtheyareandhowfasttheygo.
P:
TonyaskedRosetogoshopping
Q:
Tonywasaskedtogoshopping
E.WRONGANSWERCHOICES
Rightbutnotansweringquestions
FALSE
INACURATE
NG
F.PROCEDURE:
SPIinQ-CHOICESTUDY-LOCATING-JUDGING&ELIMINATING
G.RELATEDEX
PAGES20-28
4.选非题-NEG-identifyingnegativeinformation
A.一篇文章一道题,或没有
B.难度较低,考察能力:
快速定位,简单分析理解
C.题干定位
D.大多针对列举类信息,例如:
事物列举:
WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedin...asadisadvantageofthe...?
Allofthefollowingarementioned...EXCEPT
...allofthefollowingcouldbeseen...EXCEPT
性质/特征:
...whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueof...
...allofthefollowingcharacterize...EXCEPT
起因:
...isaffectedbyallofthefollowingEXCEPT
...eachofthefollowingcontributesto...EXCEPT
...believesthatallofthefollowingcontributed(positively)to...EXCEPT
...allofthefollowingarereasonswhy...EXCEPT
结果影响:
...allofthefollowingareproblemsthat...ToovercomeEXCEPT
...providesallofthefollowingessentialfunctionsfor...EXCEPT
解决方案:
...allofthefollowingarementionedin...aswaysthat...EXCEPT
...whichofthefollowingwasNOTnecessaryfor...EXCEPT
分布位置
...inallofthefollowinggeographicareasEXCEPT?
结合细节:
...answersallofthefollowingquestionsabout...EXCEPT
...allofthefollowingstatementscomparedthecaravelwiththegalleyaretrueEXCEPT
E.Contradictory/notmentioned/given
F.D-A逆序
G.排除法,排除正确信息,有同学容易“晕”
H.直接矛盾;NG
内容及作业:
TPO18-24里面的细节题和反选题
5.推理题
Paragraph3supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabout…?
Itcanbeinferredthatpartofthereason...isthat...TPO19Q11
Imply,infer,suggest,assume,mean,mostlikelytrueabout...
Probablyoccur,mostaccuratelyreflect...
第二,我们在解答这类题目的时候,要注意下列特征:
1.正确选项不能是文章中的直接表达,这是暗示推理题的第一项重要要求,同学们往
往忽视;
2.正确选项的思维逻辑归类如下:
总结归纳型,具体/笼统型,推论型,条件/因果/目的推定型,时间先后型,数量比较型,反向表达型,正话反说型
3.该题型具备其他选择题的普遍特征:
选项信息不能和原文不一致,逻辑关系不能和
原文矛盾,文章未提及的信息点不能作为正确答案;
4.常识的使用以不和原文矛盾为限;
5.在这种题型里,“陷阱”选项的特征往往是:
极端表达,过于笼统,原文无法支持或未提及.
6.写作目的题
完整阅读关键词所在句
“回头看”
信号词:
Notice,notify,define,explain,compare,criticizeetc.
主题句,首尾句
目的表达:
arguedefineillustrateprovecautiondescribeintroduceshow
classifyemphasizepersuadesummarizecompareexplainpointoutsupport
contrastgiveexamplespraisetracecriticizeidentifypredictwarn
Whydotheauthormention“…”?
Theauthormentions“343menatonefortengagedontaskslikeshoemaking,buildingabathhouse,operatingkilns,diggingclay,andworkinglead'inorderto
PossibleDistractions:
FALSE:
Inaccurateorcontradictory
Toogeneral
NG
内容及作业:
TPO18-24里面的对应题型
阅读思考练习
A.Whydoestheauthorwritethearticle?
B.Whatattitudesdoesheholdforthetopicspresented?
C.Howdoesofeachparagraphservethewholearticle?
D.Whatdetailsservefortheauthor’sintention?
E.Whatvocabularywordsareemployedforthispurpose?
7.文本插入题-recognizingcoherence
Reorderthefollowingsentences
---Thetrunk'sinnercoreconsistsofverticallyorientedcellsthatarecloselypackedtogetherinparallelrow.
---Millionsuponmillionsofsuchcellsformtheheartwood--thenonliving
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